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  <title>P1066R1: How to catch an exception_ptr without even try-ing</title>
<style data-fill-with="stylesheet">/******************************************************************************
 *                   Style sheet for the W3C specifications                   *
 *
 * Special classes handled by this style sheet include:
 *
 * Indices
 *   - .toc for the Table of Contents (<ol class="toc">)
 *     + <span class="secno"> for the section numbers
 *   - #toc for the Table of Contents (<nav id="toc">)
 *   - ul.index for Indices (<a href="#ref">term</a><span>, in §N.M</span>)
 *   - table.index for Index Tables (e.g. for properties or elements)
 *
 * Structural Markup
 *   - table.data for general data tables
 *     -> use 'scope' attribute, <colgroup>, <thead>, and <tbody> for best results !
 *     -> use <table class='complex data'> for extra-complex tables
 *     -> use <td class='long'> for paragraph-length cell content
 *     -> use <td class='pre'> when manual line breaks/indentation would help readability
 *   - dl.switch for switch statements
 *   - ol.algorithm for algorithms (helps to visualize nesting)
 *   - .figure and .caption (HTML4) and figure and figcaption (HTML5)
 *     -> .sidefigure for right-floated figures
 *   - ins/del
 *
 * Code
 *   - pre and code
 *
 * Special Sections
 *   - .note       for informative notes             (div, p, span, aside, details)
 *   - .example    for informative examples          (div, p, pre, span)
 *   - .issue      for issues                        (div, p, span)
 *   - .assertion  for assertions                    (div, p, span)
 *   - .advisement for loud normative statements     (div, p, strong)
 *   - .annoying-warning for spec obsoletion notices (div, aside, details)
 *
 * Definition Boxes
 *   - pre.def   for WebIDL definitions
 *   - table.def for tables that define other entities (e.g. CSS properties)
 *   - dl.def    for definition lists that define other entitles (e.g. HTML elements)
 *
 * Numbering
 *   - .secno for section numbers in .toc and headings (<span class='secno'>3.2</span>)
 *   - .marker for source-inserted example/figure/issue numbers (<span class='marker'>Issue 4</span>)
 *   - ::before styled for CSS-generated issue/example/figure numbers:
 *     -> Documents wishing to use this only need to add
 *        figcaption::before,
 *        .caption::before { content: "Figure "  counter(figure) " ";  }
 *        .example::before { content: "Example " counter(example) " "; }
 *        .issue::before   { content: "Issue "   counter(issue) " ";   }
 *
 * Header Stuff (ignore, just don't conflict with these classes)
 *   - .head for the header
 *   - .copyright for the copyright
 *
 * Miscellaneous
 *   - .overlarge for things that should be as wide as possible, even if
 *     that overflows the body text area. This can be used on an item or
 *     on its container, depending on the effect desired.
 *     Note that this styling basically doesn't help at all when printing,
 *     since A4 paper isn't much wider than the max-width here.
 *     It's better to design things to fit into a narrower measure if possible.
 *   - js-added ToC jump links (see fixup.js)
 *
 ******************************************************************************/

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                   Body                                     */
/******************************************************************************/

	body {
		counter-reset: example figure issue;

		/* Layout */
		max-width: 50em;               /* limit line length to 50em for readability   */
		margin: 0 auto;                /* center text within page                     */
		padding: 1.6em 1.5em 2em 50px; /* assume 16px font size for downlevel clients */
		padding: 1.6em 1.5em 2em calc(26px + 1.5em); /* leave space for status flag     */

		/* Typography */
		line-height: 1.5;
		font-family: sans-serif;
		widows: 2;
		orphans: 2;
		word-wrap: break-word;
		overflow-wrap: break-word;
		hyphens: auto;

		/* Colors */
		color: black;
		background: white top left fixed no-repeat;
		background-size: 25px auto;
	}


/******************************************************************************/
/*                         Front Matter & Navigation                          */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Header ********************************************************************/

	div.head { margin-bottom: 1em }
	div.head hr { border-style: solid; }

	div.head h1 {
		font-weight: bold;
		margin: 0 0 .1em;
		font-size: 220%;
	}

	div.head h2 { margin-bottom: 1.5em;}

/** W3C Logo ******************************************************************/

	.head .logo {
		float: right;
		margin: 0.4rem 0 0.2rem .4rem;
	}

	.head img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		display: block;
		border: solid #1a5e9a;
		border-width: .65rem .7rem .6rem;
		border-radius: .4rem;
		background: #1a5e9a;
		color: white;
		font-weight: bold;
	}

	.head a:hover > img[src*="logos/W3C"],
	.head a:focus > img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		opacity: .8;
	}

	.head a:active > img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		background: #c00;
		border-color: #c00;
	}

	/* see also additional rules in Link Styling section */

/** Copyright *****************************************************************/

	p.copyright,
	p.copyright small { font-size: small }

/** Back to Top / ToC Toggle **************************************************/

	@media print {
		#toc-nav {
			display: none;
		}
	}
	@media not print {
		#toc-nav {
			position: fixed;
			z-index: 2;
			bottom: 0; left: 0;
			margin: 0;
			min-width: 1.33em;
			border-top-right-radius: 2rem;
			box-shadow: 0 0 2px;
			font-size: 1.5em;
			color: black;
		}
		#toc-nav > a {
			display: block;
			white-space: nowrap;

			height: 1.33em;
			padding: .1em 0.3em;
			margin: 0;

			background: white;
			box-shadow: 0 0 2px;
			border: none;
			border-top-right-radius: 1.33em;
			background: white;
		}
		#toc-nav > #toc-jump {
			padding-bottom: 2em;
			margin-bottom: -1.9em;
		}

		#toc-nav > a:hover,
		#toc-nav > a:focus {
			background: #f8f8f8;
		}
		#toc-nav > a:not(:hover):not(:focus) {
			color: #707070;
		}

		/* statusbar gets in the way on keyboard focus; remove once browsers fix */
		#toc-nav > a[href="#toc"]:not(:hover):focus:last-child {
			padding-bottom: 1.5rem;
		}

		#toc-nav:not(:hover) > a:not(:focus) > span + span {
			/* Ideally this uses :focus-within on #toc-nav */
			display: none;
		}
		#toc-nav > a > span + span {
			padding-right: 0.2em;
		}

		#toc-toggle-inline {
			vertical-align: 0.05em;
			font-size: 80%;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
			border-style: none;
			background: transparent;
			position: relative;
		}
		#toc-toggle-inline:hover:not(:active),
		#toc-toggle-inline:focus:not(:active) {
			text-shadow: 1px 1px silver;
			top: -1px;
			left: -1px;
		}

		#toc-nav :active {
			color: #C00;
		}
	}

/** ToC Sidebar ***************************************************************/

	/* Floating sidebar */
	@media screen {
		body.toc-sidebar #toc {
			position: fixed;
			top: 0; bottom: 0;
			left: 0;
			width: 23.5em;
			max-width: 80%;
			max-width: calc(100% - 2em - 26px);
			overflow: auto;
			padding: 0 1em;
			padding-left: 42px;
			padding-left: calc(1em + 26px);
			background: inherit;
			background-color: #f7f8f9;
			z-index: 1;
			box-shadow: -.1em 0 .25em rgba(0,0,0,.1) inset;
		}
		body.toc-sidebar #toc h2 {
			margin-top: .8rem;
			font-variant: small-caps;
			font-variant: all-small-caps;
			text-transform: lowercase;
			font-weight: bold;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
		}
		body.toc-sidebar #toc-jump:not(:focus) {
			width: 0;
			height: 0;
			padding: 0;
			position: absolute;
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}
	/* Hide main scroller when only the ToC is visible anyway */
	@media screen and (max-width: 28em) {
		body.toc-sidebar {
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}

	/* Sidebar with its own space */
	@media screen and (min-width: 78em) {
		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc {
			position: fixed;
			top: 0; bottom: 0;
			left: 0;
			width: 23.5em;
			overflow: auto;
			padding: 0 1em;
			padding-left: 42px;
			padding-left: calc(1em + 26px);
			background: inherit;
			background-color: #f7f8f9;
			z-index: 1;
			box-shadow: -.1em 0 .25em rgba(0,0,0,.1) inset;
		}
		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc h2 {
			margin-top: .8rem;
			font-variant: small-caps;
			font-variant: all-small-caps;
			text-transform: lowercase;
			font-weight: bold;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
		}

		body:not(.toc-inline) {
			padding-left: 29em;
		}
		/* See also Overflow section at the bottom */

		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc-jump:not(:focus) {
			width: 0;
			height: 0;
			padding: 0;
			position: absolute;
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}
	@media screen and (min-width: 90em) {
		body:not(.toc-inline) {
			margin: 0 4em;
		}
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                Sectioning                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Headings ******************************************************************/

	h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, dt {
		page-break-after: avoid;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		font: 100% sans-serif;   /* Reset all font styling to clear out UA styles */
		font-family: inherit;    /* Inherit the font family. */
		line-height: 1.2;        /* Keep wrapped headings compact */
		hyphens: manual;         /* Hyphenated headings look weird */
	}

	h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
		margin-top: 3rem;
	}

	h1, h2, h3 {
		color: #005A9C;
		background: transparent;
	}

	h1 { font-size: 170%; }
	h2 { font-size: 140%; }
	h3 { font-size: 120%; }
	h4 { font-weight: bold; }
	h5 { font-style: italic; }
	h6 { font-variant: small-caps; }
	dt { font-weight: bold; }

/** Subheadings ***************************************************************/

	h1 + h2,
	#subtitle {
		/* #subtitle is a subtitle in an H2 under the H1 */
		margin-top: 0;
	}
	h2 + h3,
	h3 + h4,
	h4 + h5,
	h5 + h6 {
		margin-top: 1.2em; /* = 1 x line-height */
	}

/** Section divider ***********************************************************/

	:not(.head) > hr {
		font-size: 1.5em;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 1em auto;
		height: auto;
		border: transparent solid 0;
		background: transparent;
	}
	:not(.head) > hr::before {
		content: "\2727\2003\2003\2727\2003\2003\2727";
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                            Paragraphs and Lists                            */
/******************************************************************************/

	p {
		margin: 1em 0;
	}

	dd > p:first-child,
	li > p:first-child {
		margin-top: 0;
	}

	ul, ol {
		margin-left: 0;
		padding-left: 2em;
	}

	li {
		margin: 0.25em 0 0.5em;
		padding: 0;
	}

	dl dd {
		margin: 0 0 .5em 2em;
	}

	.head dd + dd { /* compact for header */
		margin-top: -.5em;
	}

	/* Style for algorithms */
	ol.algorithm ol:not(.algorithm),
	.algorithm > ol ol:not(.algorithm) {
	 border-left: 0.5em solid #DEF;
	}

	/* Put nice boxes around each algorithm. */
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) {
	  padding: .5em;
	  border: thin solid #ddd; border-radius: .5em;
	  margin: .5em calc(-0.5em - 1px);
	}
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) > :first-child {
	  margin-top: 0;
	}
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) > :last-child {
	  margin-bottom: 0;
	}

	/* Style for switch/case <dl>s */
	dl.switch > dd > ol.only,
	dl.switch > dd > .only > ol {
	 margin-left: 0;
	}
	dl.switch > dd > ol.algorithm,
	dl.switch > dd > .algorithm > ol {
	 margin-left: -2em;
	}
	dl.switch {
	 padding-left: 2em;
	}
	dl.switch > dt {
	 text-indent: -1.5em;
	 margin-top: 1em;
	}
	dl.switch > dt + dt {
	 margin-top: 0;
	}
	dl.switch > dt::before {
	 content: '\21AA';
	 padding: 0 0.5em 0 0;
	 display: inline-block;
	 width: 1em;
	 text-align: right;
	 line-height: 0.5em;
	}

/** Terminology Markup ********************************************************/


/******************************************************************************/
/*                                 Inline Markup                              */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Terminology Markup ********************************************************/
	dfn   { /* Defining instance */
		font-weight: bolder;
	}
	a > i { /* Instance of term */
		font-style: normal;
	}
	dt dfn code, code.idl {
		font-size: medium;
	}
	dfn var {
		font-style: normal;
	}

/** Change Marking ************************************************************/

	del { color: red;  text-decoration: line-through; }
	ins { color: #080; text-decoration: underline;    }

/** Miscellaneous improvements to inline formatting ***************************/

	sup {
		vertical-align: super;
		font-size: 80%
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Code                                    */
/******************************************************************************/

/** General monospace/pre rules ***********************************************/

	pre, code, samp {
		font-family: Menlo, Consolas, "DejaVu Sans Mono", Monaco, monospace;
		font-size: .9em;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		hyphens: none;
		text-transform: none;
	}
	pre code,
	code code {
		font-size: 100%;
	}

	pre {
		margin-top: 1em;
		margin-bottom: 1em;
		overflow: auto;
	}

/** Inline Code fragments *****************************************************/

  /* Do something nice. */

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Links                                   */
/******************************************************************************/

/** General Hyperlinks ********************************************************/

	/* We hyperlink a lot, so make it less intrusive */
	a[href] {
		color: #034575;
		text-decoration: none;
		border-bottom: 1px solid #707070;
		/* Need a bit of extending for it to look okay */
		padding: 0 1px 0;
		margin: 0 -1px 0;
	}
	a:visited {
		border-bottom-color: #BBB;
	}

	/* Use distinguishing colors when user is interacting with the link */
	a[href]:focus,
	a[href]:hover {
		background: #f8f8f8;
		background: rgba(75%, 75%, 75%, .25);
		border-bottom-width: 3px;
		margin-bottom: -2px;
	}
	a[href]:active {
		color: #C00;
		border-color: #C00;
	}

	/* Backout above styling for W3C logo */
	.head .logo,
	.head .logo a {
		border: none;
		text-decoration: none;
		background: transparent;
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Images                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	img {
		border-style: none;
	}

	/* For autogen numbers, add
	   .caption::before, figcaption::before { content: "Figure " counter(figure) ". "; }
	*/

	figure, .figure, .sidefigure {
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 2.5em 0;
	}
	.figure img,    .sidefigure img,    figure img,
	.figure object, .sidefigure object, figure object {
		max-width: 100%;
		margin: auto;
	}
	.figure pre, .sidefigure pre, figure pre {
		text-align: left;
		display: table;
		margin: 1em auto;
	}
	.figure table, figure table {
		margin: auto;
	}
	@media screen and (min-width: 20em) {
		.sidefigure {
			float: right;
			width: 50%;
			margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em
		}
	}
	.caption, figcaption, caption {
		font-style: italic;
		font-size: 90%;
	}
	.caption::before, figcaption::before, figcaption > .marker {
		font-weight: bold;
	}
	.caption, figcaption {
		counter-increment: figure;
	}

	/* DL list is indented 2em, but figure inside it is not */
	dd > .figure, dd > figure { margin-left: -2em }

/******************************************************************************/
/*                             Colored Boxes                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	.issue, .note, .example, .assertion, .advisement, blockquote {
		padding: .5em;
		border: .5em;
		border-left-style: solid;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
	}
	span.issue, span.note {
		padding: .1em .5em .15em;
		border-right-style: solid;
	}

	.issue,
	.note,
	.example,
	.advisement,
	.assertion,
	blockquote {
		margin: 1em auto;
	}
	.note  > p:first-child,
	.issue > p:first-child,
	blockquote > :first-child {
		margin-top: 0;
	}
	blockquote > :last-child {
		margin-bottom: 0;
	}

/** Blockquotes ***************************************************************/

	blockquote {
		border-color: silver;
	}

/** Open issue ****************************************************************/

	.issue {
		border-color: #E05252;
		background: #FBE9E9;
		counter-increment: issue;
		overflow: auto;
	}
	.issue::before, .issue > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		color: #AE1E1E;
		padding-right: 1em;
		text-transform: uppercase;
	}
	/* Add .issue::before { content: "Issue " counter(issue) " "; } for autogen numbers,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the issue number in source. */

/** Example *******************************************************************/

	.example {
		border-color: #E0CB52;
		background: #FCFAEE;
		counter-increment: example;
		overflow: auto;
		clear: both;
	}
	.example::before, .example > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		color: #827017;
		min-width: 7.5em;
		display: block;
	}
	/* Add .example::before { content: "Example " counter(example) " "; } for autogen numbers,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the example number in source. */

/** Non-normative Note ********************************************************/

	.note {
		border-color: #52E052;
		background: #E9FBE9;
		overflow: auto;
	}

	.note::before, .note > .marker,
	details.note > summary::before,
	details.note > summary > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		display: block;
		color: hsl(120, 70%, 30%);
	}
	/* Add .note::before { content: "Note"; } for autogen label,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the label in source. */

	details.note > summary {
		display: block;
		color: hsl(120, 70%, 30%);
	}
	details.note[open] > summary {
		border-bottom: 1px silver solid;
	}

/** Assertion Box *************************************************************/
	/*  for assertions in algorithms */

	.assertion {
		border-color: #AAA;
		background: #EEE;
	}

/** Advisement Box ************************************************************/
	/*  for attention-grabbing normative statements */

	.advisement {
		border-color: orange;
		border-style: none solid;
		background: #FFEECC;
	}
	strong.advisement {
		display: block;
		text-align: center;
	}
	.advisement > .marker {
		color: #B35F00;
	}

/** Spec Obsoletion Notice ****************************************************/
	/* obnoxious obsoletion notice for older/abandoned specs. */

	details {
		display: block;
	}
	summary {
		font-weight: bolder;
	}

	.annoying-warning:not(details),
	details.annoying-warning:not([open]) > summary,
	details.annoying-warning[open] {
		background: #fdd;
		color: red;
		font-weight: bold;
		padding: .75em 1em;
		border: thick red;
		border-style: solid;
		border-radius: 1em;
	}
	.annoying-warning :last-child {
		margin-bottom: 0;
	}

@media not print {
	details.annoying-warning[open] {
		position: fixed;
		left: 1em;
		right: 1em;
		bottom: 1em;
		z-index: 1000;
	}
}

	details.annoying-warning:not([open]) > summary {
		text-align: center;
	}

/** Entity Definition Boxes ***************************************************/

	.def {
		padding: .5em 1em;
		background: #DEF;
		margin: 1.2em 0;
		border-left: 0.5em solid #8CCBF2;
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Tables                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	th, td {
		text-align: left;
		text-align: start;
	}

/** Property/Descriptor Definition Tables *************************************/

	table.def {
		/* inherits .def box styling, see above */
		width: 100%;
		border-spacing: 0;
	}

	table.def td,
	table.def th {
		padding: 0.5em;
		vertical-align: baseline;
		border-bottom: 1px solid #bbd7e9;
	}

	table.def > tbody > tr:last-child th,
	table.def > tbody > tr:last-child td {
		border-bottom: 0;
	}

	table.def th {
		font-style: italic;
		font-weight: normal;
		padding-left: 1em;
		width: 3em;
	}

	/* For when values are extra-complex and need formatting for readability */
	table td.pre {
		white-space: pre-wrap;
	}

	/* A footnote at the bottom of a def table */
	table.def           td.footnote {
		padding-top: 0.6em;
	}
	table.def           td.footnote::before {
		content: " ";
		display: block;
		height: 0.6em;
		width: 4em;
		border-top: thin solid;
	}

/** Data tables (and properly marked-up index tables) *************************/
	/*
		 <table class="data"> highlights structural relationships in a table
		 when correct markup is used (e.g. thead/tbody, th vs. td, scope attribute)

		 Use class="complex data" for particularly complicated tables --
		 (This will draw more lines: busier, but clearer.)

		 Use class="long" on table cells with paragraph-like contents
		 (This will adjust text alignment accordingly.)
		 Alternately use class="longlastcol" on tables, to have the last column assume "long".
	*/

	table {
		word-wrap: normal;
		overflow-wrap: normal;
		hyphens: manual;
	}

	table.data,
	table.index {
		margin: 1em auto;
		border-collapse: collapse;
		border: hidden;
		width: 100%;
	}
	table.data caption,
	table.index caption {
		max-width: 50em;
		margin: 0 auto 1em;
	}

	table.data td,  table.data th,
	table.index td, table.index th {
		padding: 0.5em 1em;
		border-width: 1px;
		border-color: silver;
		border-top-style: solid;
	}

	table.data thead td:empty {
		padding: 0;
		border: 0;
	}

	table.data  thead,
	table.index thead,
	table.data  tbody,
	table.index tbody {
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/******************************************************************************/
/*                                  Indices                                   */
/******************************************************************************/


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 <body class="h-entry">
  <div class="head">
   <p data-fill-with="logo"></p>
   <h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">P1066R1<br>How to catch an exception_ptr without even try-ing</h1>
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="subtitle"><span class="content">Published Proposal, <time class="dt-updated" datetime="2018-10-06">2018-10-06</time></span></h2>
   <div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
    <dl>
     <dt>This version:
     <dd><a class="u-url" href="wg21.link/P1066">wg21.link/P1066</a>
     <dt>Author:
     <dd>
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:redbeard0531+isocpp@gmail.com">Mathias Stearn</a> (<span class="p-org org">MongoDB</span>)
     <dt>Audience:
     <dd>LEWG
     <dt>Project:
     <dd>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 14882: Programming Language — C++
     <dt>Source:
     <dd><a href="https://github.com/RedBeard0531/better_exception_ptr/blob/master/better_exception_ptr.bs">No real reason to click here</a>
    </dl>
   </div>
   <div data-fill-with="warning"></div>
   <hr title="Separator for header">
  </div>
  <div class="p-summary" data-fill-with="abstract">
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="abstract"><span class="content">Abstract</span></h2>
   <p>Adding facilities to inspect and handle std::exception_ptr without throwing and catching. This mechanism should work even in environments that use -fno-exceptions.</p>
  </div>
  <nav data-fill-with="table-of-contents" id="toc">
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
   <ol class="toc" role="directory">
    <li>
     <a href="#changelog"><span class="secno">1</span> <span class="content">Changelog</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#r0---r1"><span class="secno">1.1</span> <span class="content">r0 -> r1</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#introduction"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content">Introduction</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#polls"><span class="secno">3</span> <span class="content">Polls</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#ewg-poll"><span class="secno">3.1</span> <span class="content">EWG Rapperswil 2018</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#proposal"><span class="secno">4</span> <span class="content">Proposal</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li>
       <a href="#high-level-api"><span class="secno">4.1</span> <span class="content">High-level API</span></a>
       <ol class="toc">
        <li><a href="#handle"><span class="secno">4.1.1</span> <span class="content"><span>handle()</span></span></a>
        <li><a href="#handle_or_rethrow"><span class="secno">4.1.2</span> <span class="content"><span>handle_or_rethrow()</span></span></a>
        <li><a href="#handle_or_terminate"><span class="secno">4.1.3</span> <span class="content"><span>handle_or_terminate()</span></span></a>
        <li><a href="#try_catch"><span class="secno">4.1.4</span> <span class="content"><span>try_catch()</span></span></a>
        <li><a href="#terminate_with_active"><span class="secno">4.1.5</span> <span class="content"><span>terminate_with_active()</span></span></a>
       </ol>
      <li>
       <a href="#low-level-api"><span class="secno">4.2</span> <span class="content">Low-level API</span></a>
       <ol class="toc">
        <li><a href="#type"><span class="secno">4.2.1</span> <span class="content"><span>type()</span></span></a>
        <li><a href="#get_raw_ptr"><span class="secno">4.2.2</span> <span class="content"><span>get_raw_ptr()</span></span></a>
       </ol>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#use-cases"><span class="secno">5</span> <span class="content">Use Cases</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#lippincott-functions"><span class="secno">5.1</span> <span class="content">Lippincott Functions</span></a>
      <li><a href="#terminate-handlers"><span class="secno">5.2</span> <span class="content">Terminate Handlers</span></a>
      <li><a href="#stdexpected-and-similar-types"><span class="secno">5.3</span> <span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>expected</c-></code> and Similar Types</span></a>
      <li><a href="#error-handling-in-futures"><span class="secno">5.4</span> <span class="content">Error Handling in Futures</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#it-sounds-like-you-just-want-faster-exception-handling-why-isnt-this-just-a-qoi-issue"><span class="secno">6</span> <span class="content">It sounds like you just want faster exception handling. Why isn’t this just a QoI issue?</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#related-future-work"><span class="secno">7</span> <span class="content">Related Future Work</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#support-dynamic-dynamic_cast-using-type_info"><span class="secno">7.1</span> <span class="content">Support dynamic <code class="highlight"><c- k>dynamic_cast</c-></code> using <code class="highlight"><c- n>type_info</c-></code></span></a>
      <li><a href="#dynamic_any_cast"><span class="secno">7.2</span> <span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>dynamic_any_cast</c-></code></span></a>
      <li><a href="#less-copies-in-stdmake_exception_ptr-e-e"><span class="secno">7.3</span> <span class="content">Less copies in <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>make_exception_ptr</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>E</c-> <c- n>e</c-><c- p>)</c-></code></span></a>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Index</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#index-defined-here"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by this specification</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#references"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">References</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#informative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Informative References</span></a>
     </ol>
   </ol>
  </nav>
  <main>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="1" id="changelog"><span class="secno">1. </span><span class="content">Changelog</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog"></a></h2>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.1" id="r0---r1"><span class="secno">1.1. </span><span class="content">r0 -> r1</span><a class="self-link" href="#r0---r1"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Added <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#handle_or_rethrow①" id="ref-for-handle_or_rethrow①">handle_or_rethrow()</a></p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Added EWG poll from Rapperswil</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Fixed minor typos and clarified a few points</p>
   </ul>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="2" id="introduction"><span class="secno">2. </span><span class="content">Introduction</span><a class="self-link" href="#introduction"></a></h2>
   <p><code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code> is a weird beast. Unlike the other <code class="highlight"><c- n>_ptr</c-></code> types it is completely type erased,
similar to a hypothetical <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>any_ptr</c-></code>. Presumably because of this, it is the only <code class="highlight"><c- n>_ptr</c-></code> type to
offer no <code class="highlight"><c- n>get</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> method, since it wouldn’t know what type to return. You might even say it should
take <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-n4282">[N4282]</a>'s title as <em>"The World’s Dumbest Smart Pointer"</em> since the only way to dereference it
is by throwing!</p>
   <p>This proposal suggests adding methods to <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code> to directly access the pointed-to
exception in a type-safe manner. On standard libraries that implement <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>make_exception_ptr</c-></code> by
direct construction rather than using <code class="highlight"><c- k>try</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- k>throw</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- k>catch</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>current_exception</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> (currently MS-STL
and libstdc++, but not libc++), it should now be possible to both create and consume a <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code> with full fidelity even with exceptions disabled. This should ease
interoperability between codebases and libraries that choose to use exceptions and those that do
not.</p>
   <p>I have a proof of implementability without ABI breakage <a href="https://github.com/RedBeard0531/better_exception_ptr/blob/master/better_exception_ptr.h">here</a>. It
is an implementation of the proposed methods for both MSVC and libstdc++. On Linux, it is <strong>385</strong> times faster than using <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>rethrow_exception</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- k>catch</c-></code> as is needed today. On Windows, it is <em>only</em> 10 times faster due to needing to trap into the kernel to call <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb432242(v=vs.85).aspx"><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="decodepointer">DecodePointer()</dfn></a>.
I haven’t tested on libc++ or with the special ARM EH ABI, but based on my reading of those
implementations, the same strategy should work fine. Pull requests welcome!</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="polls"><span class="secno">3. </span><span class="content">Polls</span><a class="self-link" href="#polls"></a></h2>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.1" id="ewg-poll"><span class="secno">3.1. </span><span class="content">EWG Rapperswil 2018</span><a class="self-link" href="#ewg-poll"></a></h3>
   <p>EWG reviewed the paper for the general concept and how it interacts with exceptions, but not the
specific API proposed here. This is reflected in the poll wording.</p>
   <p><b>Does EWG want a non throwing mechanism to get to the exception held by <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code> even if the
performance was the same</b></p>
   <table>
    <thead>
     <tr>
      <th>SF 
      <th>F 
      <th>N 
      <th>A 
      <th>SA 
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <td>16 
      <td>8 
      <td>1 
      <td>0 
      <td>0 
   </table>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="4" id="proposal"><span class="secno">4. </span><span class="content">Proposal</span><a class="self-link" href="#proposal"></a></h2>
   <p>This is an informal description of the methods I propose adding to <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code>. I don’t have
fully fleshed out proposed wording yet.</p>
   <p>All pointers returned by this API are valid until this <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code> is destroyed or assigned
over. Copying or moving the <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code> will not extend the validity of the pointers. (The
intention is that they should point directly to the exception object, or a base subobject, owned by
the <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code>, so they should have the same validity as that object’s lifetime.)</p>
   <p>Calling any of these methods on a null <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code> is UB.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1" id="high-level-api"><span class="secno">4.1. </span><span class="content">High-level API</span><a class="self-link" href="#high-level-api"></a></h3>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.1" id="handle"><span class="secno">4.1.1. </span><span class="content"><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="handle①">handle()</dfn></span><a class="self-link" href="#handle"></a></h4>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-><c- p>...</c-> <c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- d>/*see below*/</c-> <c- n>handle</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-><c- p>...</c-> <c- n>handlers</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- k>const</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- b>bool</c-> <c- nf>handle</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- k>const</c-> <c- p>{</c-> <c- k>return</c-> false<c- p>;</c-> <c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>Handles the contained exception as if there were a sequence of <code class="highlight"><c- k>catch</c-></code> blocks that catch the
argument type of each handler. The argument type is determined in a similar way to the <code class="highlight"><c- n>function</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>Handler</c-><c- p>)</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>argument</c-></code> <a href="http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/functional/function/deduction_guides">template deduction
guide</a> to detect the
first and only argument type of a Callable object. However, it must also detect an <code class="highlight"><c- n>R</c-><c- p>(...)</c-></code> callable
as the natural analog of the <code class="highlight"><c- k>catch</c-><c- p>(...)</c-></code> catch-all. If present, the catch-all must be the last
handler.</p>
   <p>The return type of <code class="highlight"><c- n>handle</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> is the natural meaning of combining the return types from all handlers
and making it optional to express nothing being caught. More formally:</p>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>using</c-> <c- n>CommonReturnType</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>common_type_t</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>result_of_t</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>...</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- k>using</c-> <c- n>ReturnType</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>conditional_t</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>is_void_v</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>CommonReturnType</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>,</c->
                                 <c- b>bool</c-><c- p>,</c->
                                 <c- n>optional</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>CommonReturnType</c-><c- o>>></c-><c- p>;</c->
</pre>
   <p>If none of the handlers match the contained exception type, the call to <code class="highlight"><c- n>handle</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> returns either <code class="highlight">false</code> or an empty <code class="highlight"><c- n>optional</c-></code>. If any handler matches, it returns either <code class="highlight">true</code> or an <code class="highlight"><c- n>optional</c-></code> constructed from the handler’s return value.</p>
   <p>This method does not "activate" the exception, so it will not be available to <code class="highlight"><c- n>current_exception</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> or <code class="highlight"><c- k>throw</c-><c- p>;</c-></code> statements inside of the handlers.</p>
   <p>This API is inspired by <a href="https://github.com/facebook/folly/blob/0a5110143325a4db5a0a7de98531a46064731fb7/folly/ExceptionWrapper.h#L569-L606">folly::exception_wrapper</a>.
It can be implemented in the standard today, albeit without the performance benefits. Additionally,
I think the valid lifetimes of the references would be shorter than is proposed here.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.2" id="handle_or_rethrow"><span class="secno">4.1.2. </span><span class="content"><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="handle_or_rethrow①">handle_or_rethrow()</dfn></span><a class="self-link" href="#handle_or_rethrow"></a></h4>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-><c- p>...</c-> <c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>common_type_t</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>result_of_t</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>...</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>handle_or_terminate</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-><c- p>...</c-> <c- n>handlers</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- k>const</c-><c- p>;</c->
</pre>
   <p>Similar to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#handle①" id="ref-for-handle①">handle()</a>, but calls <code class="highlight"><c- n>rethrow_exception</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> if no handler matches the current
exception. Unwraps the return type since if it returns, a handler must have matched.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.3" id="handle_or_terminate"><span class="secno">4.1.3. </span><span class="content"><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="handle_or_terminate①">handle_or_terminate()<a class="self-link" href="#handle_or_terminate①"></a></dfn></span><a class="self-link" href="#handle_or_terminate"></a></h4>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-><c- p>...</c-> <c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>common_type_t</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>result_of_t</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>...</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>handle_or_terminate</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>Handlers</c-><c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-><c- p>...</c-> <c- n>handlers</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- k>const</c-><c- p>;</c->
</pre>
   <p>Similar to <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#handle①" id="ref-for-handle①①">handle()</a>, but calls <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#terminate_with_active①" id="ref-for-terminate_with_active①">terminate_with_active()</a> if no handler matches the current
exception. Unwraps the return type since if it returns, a handler must have matched.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.4" id="try_catch"><span class="secno">4.1.4. </span><span class="content"><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="try_catch①">try_catch()</dfn></span><a class="self-link" href="#try_catch"></a></h4>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>requires</c-> <c- n>is_reference_v</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>add_pointer_t</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>try_catch</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- k>const</c-><c- p>;</c->

<c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>requires</c-> <c- n>is_pointer_v</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>optional</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>try_catch</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- k>const</c-><c- p>;</c->
</pre>
   <p>If the contained exception is catchable by a <code class="highlight"><c- k>catch</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>T</c-><c- p>)</c-></code> block, returns either a pointer to the
exception if <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code> is a reference or an <code class="highlight"><c- n>optional</c-></code> containing the caught pointer if <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code> is a pointer.
If the <code class="highlight"><c- k>catch</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>T</c-><c- p>)</c-></code> block would not catch the exception, returns <code class="highlight"><c- n>nullopt</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- k>nullptr</c-></code>.</p>
   <p>The pointer case is a bit odd and throwing/catching pointer is fairly rare so it could use some
explanation for why it is both different and the same as the reference case. They have different
return types because returning <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-><c- o>*</c-></code> is impossible since the exception holds a <code class="highlight"><c- n>Derived</c-><c- o>*</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code> may
be <code class="highlight"><c- n>Base</c-><c- o>*</c-></code>, and there is no <code class="highlight"><c- n>Base</c-><c- o>*</c-></code> object to return a pointer to (<code class="highlight"><c- n>Base</c-><c- o>**</c-></code>). Returning <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>Base</c-><c- o>*</c-></code> in this case would also be incorrect because there would be no way to distinguish a thrown null
pointer from a type mismatch. Luckily, <code class="highlight"><c- n>optional</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-></code> has the same access API as <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-><c- o>*</c-></code> so even though
the return types of these functions are different, consumers can treat them the same:</p>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>if</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>ex</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>ex_ptr</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>try_catch</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>CatchT</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>())</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- n>use</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- o>*</c-><c- n>ex</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>Using today’s API this would be:</p>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>try</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- n>rethrow_exception</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>ex_ptr</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c-> <c- k>catch</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- n>CatchT</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- n>use</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>ex</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c-> <c- k>catch</c-> <c- p>(...)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- c1>// ignore</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.5" id="terminate_with_active"><span class="secno">4.1.5. </span><span class="content"><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="terminate_with_active①">terminate_with_active()</dfn></span><a class="self-link" href="#terminate_with_active"></a></h4>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- p>[[</c-><c- n>noreturn</c-><c- p>]]</c-> <c- b>void</c-> <c- n>terminate_with_active</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- k>const</c-> <c- k>noexcept</c-><c- p>;</c->
</pre>
   <p>Equivalent to:</p>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>try</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- n>rethrow_exception</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- o>*</c-><c- k>this</c-><c- p>);</c->
<c- p>}</c-> <c- k>catch</c-> <c- p>(...)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- n>terminate</c-><c- p>();</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>Invokes the terminate handler with the contained exception active to allow it to provide useful
information for debugging.</p>
   <p class="note" role="note"><span>Note:</span> I believe this definition is exactly equivalent to just calling <code class="highlight"><c- n>rethrow_exception</c-></code> inside a <code class="highlight"><c- k>noexcept</c-></code> context.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2" id="low-level-api"><span class="secno">4.2. </span><span class="content">Low-level API</span><a class="self-link" href="#low-level-api"></a></h3>
   <p>This is the low-level API that is intended for library authors building their own high-level API,
rather than direct use by end users.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2.1" id="type"><span class="secno">4.2.1. </span><span class="content"><dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="type①">type()</dfn></span><a class="self-link" href="#type"></a></h4>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- n>type_info</c-><c- o>*</c-> <c- nf>type</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- k>const</c-><c- p>;</c->
</pre>
   <p>Returns the <code class="highlight"><c- n>type_info</c-></code> corresponding to the exception held by this <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code>.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2.2" id="get_raw_ptr"><span class="secno">4.2.2. </span><span class="content"><dfn data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="get_raw_ptr①">get_raw_ptr()<a class="self-link" href="#get_raw_ptr①"></a></dfn></span><a class="self-link" href="#get_raw_ptr"></a></h4>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- b>void</c-><c- o>*</c-> <c- nf>get_raw_ptr</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- k>const</c-><c- p>;</c->
</pre>
   <p>Returns the address of the exception held by this <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code>. It is a pointer to the type
described by <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#type①" id="ref-for-type①">type()</a>, so the caller will need to cast it to something compatible in order to use
this.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="5" id="use-cases"><span class="secno">5. </span><span class="content">Use Cases</span><a class="self-link" href="#use-cases"></a></h2>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="5.1" id="lippincott-functions"><span class="secno">5.1. </span><span class="content">Lippincott Functions</span><a class="self-link" href="#lippincott-functions"></a></h3>
   <p>Here is a lightly-modified example from our code base that shows a <strong>100x</strong> speedup on Linux:</p>
   <table>
    <thead>
     <tr>
      <th> Now 
      <th> With this proposal 
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <td>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- n>Status</c-> <c- nf>exceptionToStatus</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- k>noexcept</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>try</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>throw</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- p>}</c-> <c- k>catch</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>DBException</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>return</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>toStatus</c-><c- p>();</c->
  <c- p>}</c-> <c- k>catch</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>exception</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>return</c-> <c- n>Status</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>ErrorCodes</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>UnknownError</c-><c- p>,</c->
                  <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>what</c-><c- p>());</c->
  <c- p>}</c-> <c- k>catch</c-> <c- p>(...)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>terminate</c-><c- p>();</c->
  <c- p>}</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
      <td>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- n>Status</c-> <c- nf>exceptionToStatus</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- k>noexcept</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>return</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>current_exception</c-><c- p>().</c-><c- n>handle_or_terminate</c-><c- p>(</c->
    <c- p>[]</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>DBException</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
        <c- k>return</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>toStatus</c-><c- p>();</c->
    <c- p>},</c->
    <c- p>[]</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>exception</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
      <c- k>return</c-> <c- n>Status</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>ErrorCodes</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>UnknownError</c-><c- p>,</c->
                    <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>what</c-><c- p>());</c->
    <c- p>});</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
     <tr>
      <td>
       <center> 1892ns </center>
      <td>
       <center> 18ns </center>
   </table>
   <p>Windows shows <em>only</em> a 2x speedup (1488ns -> 744ns) due to the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#decodepointer" id="ref-for-decodepointer">DecodePointer()</a> issue mentioned
above (160ns), as well as <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>current_exception</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> being even slower (575ns). Essentially all of
the runtime is in those two functions. (Windows tests were conducted on different hardware, so the
results cannot be directly compared to Linux.)</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="5.2" id="terminate-handlers"><span class="secno">5.2. </span><span class="content">Terminate Handlers</span><a class="self-link" href="#terminate-handlers"></a></h3>
   <p>It is common practice to use terminate handlers to provide useful debugging information about the
failure. libstdc++ has a default handler that prints the type of the thrown exception using it’s
privileged access to the EH internals. Unfortunately, there is no way to do that in the general case
in a user-defined terminate handler. <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#type①" id="ref-for-type①①">type()</a> makes that information available from <code class="highlight"><c- n>current_exception</c-></code> in a portable way.</p>
   <p>As a historical sidenote, that message from the terminate handler is what initially got me looking
into the ABI for exception handling to figure out how that was done. If whoever wrote that code is
reading this, thanks!</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="5.3" id="stdexpected-and-similar-types"><span class="secno">5.3. </span><span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>expected</c-></code> and Similar Types</span><a class="self-link" href="#stdexpected-and-similar-types"></a></h3>
   <p>These types become more useful with the ability to interact with the exception directly without
rethrowing.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="5.4" id="error-handling-in-futures"><span class="secno">5.4. </span><span class="content">Error Handling in Futures</span><a class="self-link" href="#error-handling-in-futures"></a></h3>
   <p>Error handling in Future chains naturally involves passing error objects into callbacks as
arguments. There has been an active <a href="https://github.com/executors/futures/issues/37">discussion</a> around avoiding <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code> due to these issues. In addition to the direct performance benefits
of avoiding the unwinder, this also makes it easier to provide nicer APIs like <code class="highlight"><c- n>future</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>catch_error</c-><c- p>([](</c-><c- n>SomeExceptionType</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{})</c-></code> that only invokes the user’s callback when the types
match. This has a secondary benefit of avoiding a trip through the executor’s scheduler if the
callback isn’t to be called. It also has the (unconfirmed) potential of being implementable on GPUs
which don’t currently support exceptions.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="6" id="it-sounds-like-you-just-want-faster-exception-handling-why-isnt-this-just-a-qoi-issue"><span class="secno">6. </span><span class="content">It sounds like you just want faster exception handling. Why isn’t this just a QoI issue?</span><a class="self-link" href="#it-sounds-like-you-just-want-faster-exception-handling-why-isnt-this-just-a-qoi-issue"></a></h2>
   <p>It has been 30 years since C++98 was finalized. Compilers seem to actively avoid optimizing for
speed in codepaths that involve throwing, which is usually a good choice. But this means that even
in trivial cases, they aren’t able to work their usual magic. Here is an example function that
should be reduced to a constant value of <code class="highlight"><c- mi>0</c-></code>, but instead goes through the full <code class="highlight"><c- k>throw</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- k>catch</c-></code> process on all 3 major compilers. On my Linux desktop that means it takes 5600 cycles, when it
should take none.</p>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- b>int</c-> <c- nf>shouldBeTrivial</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>try</c-> <c- p>{</c->
        <c- k>throw</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
    <c- p>}</c-> <c- k>catch</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- b>int</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
        <c- k>return</c-> <c- n>ex</c-><c- p>;</c->
    <c- p>}</c->
    <c- k>return</c-> <c- mi>1</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>};</c->
</pre>
   <p>Given how universal the poor handling of exceptions is, I don’t see much hope for improvement to the
extent proposed here in the realistic, non-trivial cases. Additionally, I think the ergonomics are
better if the exception object is made directly available than requiring the <code class="highlight"><c- k>try</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- k>catch</c-></code> blocks.</p>
   <p>Additionally, as mentioned in <a href="#ewg-poll">§3.1 EWG Rapperswil 2018</a>, EWG strongly favors adding this functionality to <code class="highlight"><c- n>exception_ptr</c-></code>, <strong>even if the performance was the same</strong>.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="7" id="related-future-work"><span class="secno">7. </span><span class="content">Related Future Work</span><a class="self-link" href="#related-future-work"></a></h2>
   <p>These are related ideas that are <strong>not</strong> part of this proposal. If this proposal is well received,
I’d like a straw poll of these to gauge the interest for future proposals.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.1" id="support-dynamic-dynamic_cast-using-type_info"><span class="secno">7.1. </span><span class="content">Support dynamic <code class="highlight"><c- k>dynamic_cast</c-></code> using <code class="highlight"><c- n>type_info</c-></code></span><a class="self-link" href="#support-dynamic-dynamic_cast-using-type_info"></a></h3>
   <p>My initial implementation plan called for adding casting facilities to <code class="highlight"><c- n>type_info</c-></code> and building the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#try_catch①" id="ref-for-try_catch①">try_catch()</a> logic on top of that. Since it ended up being the wrong route for the MSVC ABI, I
abandoned that plan, but it still provides useful independent functionality. Something like adding
the following methods on <code class="highlight"><c- n>type_info</c-></code>:</p>
<pre class="language-cpp highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- b>bool</c-> <c- n>convertable_to</c-><c- p>()</c->

<c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>T</c-><c- o>*</c-> <c- n>dynamic_dynamic_cast</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- b>void</c-><c- o>*</c-> <c- n>ptr</c-><c- p>);</c->
</pre>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.2" id="dynamic_any_cast"><span class="secno">7.2. </span><span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>dynamic_any_cast</c-></code></span><a class="self-link" href="#dynamic_any_cast"></a></h3>
   <p>Currently <code class="highlight"><c- n>any</c-></code> only supports exact-match casting. Using a similarly enhanced <code class="highlight"><c- n>type_info</c-></code> it should
be able to support more flexible extractions.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="7.3" id="less-copies-in-stdmake_exception_ptr-e-e"><span class="secno">7.3. </span><span class="content">Less copies in <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>make_exception_ptr</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>E</c-> <c- n>e</c-><c- p>)</c-></code></span><a class="self-link" href="#less-copies-in-stdmake_exception_ptr-e-e"></a></h3>
   <p>I noticed that the current definition takes the exception by value and is defined as copying it.
Should it take the exception object by forwarding reference and forward it? If consensus is yes, I’d
be happy to either submit a new paper or just add that to the proposed wording here.</p>
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  <h2 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index"><span class="content">Index</span><a class="self-link" href="#index"></a></h2>
  <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="index-defined-here"><span class="content">Terms defined by this specification</span><a class="self-link" href="#index-defined-here"></a></h3>
  <ul class="index">
   <li><a href="#decodepointer">DecodePointer()</a><span>, in §2</span>
   <li><a href="#get_raw_ptr①">get_raw_ptr()</a><span>, in §4.2.2</span>
   <li><a href="#handle①">handle()</a><span>, in §4.1.1</span>
   <li><a href="#handle_or_rethrow①">handle_or_rethrow()</a><span>, in §4.1.2</span>
   <li><a href="#handle_or_terminate①">handle_or_terminate()</a><span>, in §4.1.3</span>
   <li><a href="#terminate_with_active①">terminate_with_active()</a><span>, in §4.1.5</span>
   <li><a href="#try_catch①">try_catch()</a><span>, in §4.1.4</span>
   <li><a href="#type①">type()</a><span>, in §4.2.1</span>
  </ul>
  <h2 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="references"><span class="content">References</span><a class="self-link" href="#references"></a></h2>
  <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content">Informative References</span><a class="self-link" href="#informative"></a></h3>
  <dl>
   <dt id="biblio-n4282">[N4282]
   <dd>Walter E. Brown. <a href="https://wg21.link/n4282">A Proposal for the World's Dumbest Smart Pointer, v4</a>. 7 November 2014. URL: <a href="https://wg21.link/n4282">https://wg21.link/n4282</a>
  </dl>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="decodepointer">
   <b><a href="#decodepointer">#decodepointer</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-decodepointer">5.1. Lippincott Functions</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="handle①">
   <b><a href="#handle①">#handle①</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-handle①">4.1.2. handle_or_rethrow()</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-handle①①">4.1.3. handle_or_terminate()</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="handle_or_rethrow①">
   <b><a href="#handle_or_rethrow①">#handle_or_rethrow①</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-handle_or_rethrow①">1.1. r0 -> r1</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="try_catch①">
   <b><a href="#try_catch①">#try_catch①</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-try_catch①">7.1. Support dynamic dynamic_cast using type_info</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="terminate_with_active①">
   <b><a href="#terminate_with_active①">#terminate_with_active①</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-terminate_with_active①">4.1.3. handle_or_terminate()</a>
   </ul>
  </aside>
  <aside class="dfn-panel" data-for="type①">
   <b><a href="#type①">#type①</a></b><b>Referenced in:</b>
   <ul>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-type①">4.2.2. get_raw_ptr()</a>
    <li><a href="#ref-for-type①①">5.2. Terminate Handlers</a>
   </ul>
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