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 <head>
  <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
  <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" name="viewport">
  <title>P1040R4: std::embed</title>
<style data-fill-with="stylesheet">/******************************************************************************
 *                   Style sheet for the W3C specifications                   *
 *
 * Special classes handled by this style sheet include:
 *
 * Indices
 *   - .toc for the Table of Contents (<ol class="toc">)
 *     + <span class="secno"> for the section numbers
 *   - #toc for the Table of Contents (<nav id="toc">)
 *   - ul.index for Indices (<a href="#ref">term</a><span>, in §N.M</span>)
 *   - table.index for Index Tables (e.g. for properties or elements)
 *
 * Structural Markup
 *   - table.data for general data tables
 *     -> use 'scope' attribute, <colgroup>, <thead>, and <tbody> for best results !
 *     -> use <table class='complex data'> for extra-complex tables
 *     -> use <td class='long'> for paragraph-length cell content
 *     -> use <td class='pre'> when manual line breaks/indentation would help readability
 *   - dl.switch for switch statements
 *   - ol.algorithm for algorithms (helps to visualize nesting)
 *   - .figure and .caption (HTML4) and figure and figcaption (HTML5)
 *     -> .sidefigure for right-floated figures
 *   - ins/del
 *
 * Code
 *   - pre and code
 *
 * Special Sections
 *   - .note       for informative notes             (div, p, span, aside, details)
 *   - .example    for informative examples          (div, p, pre, span)
 *   - .issue      for issues                        (div, p, span)
 *   - .assertion  for assertions                    (div, p, span)
 *   - .advisement for loud normative statements     (div, p, strong)
 *   - .annoying-warning for spec obsoletion notices (div, aside, details)
 *
 * Definition Boxes
 *   - pre.def   for WebIDL definitions
 *   - table.def for tables that define other entities (e.g. CSS properties)
 *   - dl.def    for definition lists that define other entitles (e.g. HTML elements)
 *
 * Numbering
 *   - .secno for section numbers in .toc and headings (<span class='secno'>3.2</span>)
 *   - .marker for source-inserted example/figure/issue numbers (<span class='marker'>Issue 4</span>)
 *   - ::before styled for CSS-generated issue/example/figure numbers:
 *     -> Documents wishing to use this only need to add
 *        figcaption::before,
 *        .caption::before { content: "Figure "  counter(figure) " ";  }
 *        .example::before { content: "Example " counter(example) " "; }
 *        .issue::before   { content: "Issue "   counter(issue) " ";   }
 *
 * Header Stuff (ignore, just don't conflict with these classes)
 *   - .head for the header
 *   - .copyright for the copyright
 *
 * Miscellaneous
 *   - .overlarge for things that should be as wide as possible, even if
 *     that overflows the body text area. This can be used on an item or
 *     on its container, depending on the effect desired.
 *     Note that this styling basically doesn't help at all when printing,
 *     since A4 paper isn't much wider than the max-width here.
 *     It's better to design things to fit into a narrower measure if possible.
 *   - js-added ToC jump links (see fixup.js)
 *
 ******************************************************************************/

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                   Body                                     */
/******************************************************************************/

	body {
		counter-reset: example figure issue;

		/* Layout */
		max-width: 50em;               /* limit line length to 50em for readability   */
		margin: 0 auto;                /* center text within page                     */
		padding: 1.6em 1.5em 2em 50px; /* assume 16px font size for downlevel clients */
		padding: 1.6em 1.5em 2em calc(26px + 1.5em); /* leave space for status flag     */

		/* Typography */
		line-height: 1.5;
		font-family: sans-serif;
		widows: 2;
		orphans: 2;
		word-wrap: break-word;
		overflow-wrap: break-word;
		hyphens: auto;

		/* Colors */
		color: black;
		background: white top left fixed no-repeat;
		background-size: 25px auto;
	}


/******************************************************************************/
/*                         Front Matter & Navigation                          */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Header ********************************************************************/

	div.head { margin-bottom: 1em }
	div.head hr { border-style: solid; }

	div.head h1 {
		font-weight: bold;
		margin: 0 0 .1em;
		font-size: 220%;
	}

	div.head h2 { margin-bottom: 1.5em;}

/** W3C Logo ******************************************************************/

	.head .logo {
		float: right;
		margin: 0.4rem 0 0.2rem .4rem;
	}

	.head img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		display: block;
		border: solid #1a5e9a;
		border-width: .65rem .7rem .6rem;
		border-radius: .4rem;
		background: #1a5e9a;
		color: white;
		font-weight: bold;
	}

	.head a:hover > img[src*="logos/W3C"],
	.head a:focus > img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		opacity: .8;
	}

	.head a:active > img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		background: #c00;
		border-color: #c00;
	}

	/* see also additional rules in Link Styling section */

/** Copyright *****************************************************************/

	p.copyright,
	p.copyright small { font-size: small }

/** Back to Top / ToC Toggle **************************************************/

	@media print {
		#toc-nav {
			display: none;
		}
	}
	@media not print {
		#toc-nav {
			position: fixed;
			z-index: 2;
			bottom: 0; left: 0;
			margin: 0;
			min-width: 1.33em;
			border-top-right-radius: 2rem;
			box-shadow: 0 0 2px;
			font-size: 1.5em;
			color: black;
		}
		#toc-nav > a {
			display: block;
			white-space: nowrap;

			height: 1.33em;
			padding: .1em 0.3em;
			margin: 0;

			background: white;
			box-shadow: 0 0 2px;
			border: none;
			border-top-right-radius: 1.33em;
			background: white;
		}
		#toc-nav > #toc-jump {
			padding-bottom: 2em;
			margin-bottom: -1.9em;
		}

		#toc-nav > a:hover,
		#toc-nav > a:focus {
			background: #f8f8f8;
		}
		#toc-nav > a:not(:hover):not(:focus) {
			color: #707070;
		}

		/* statusbar gets in the way on keyboard focus; remove once browsers fix */
		#toc-nav > a[href="#toc"]:not(:hover):focus:last-child {
			padding-bottom: 1.5rem;
		}

		#toc-nav:not(:hover) > a:not(:focus) > span + span {
			/* Ideally this uses :focus-within on #toc-nav */
			display: none;
		}
		#toc-nav > a > span + span {
			padding-right: 0.2em;
		}

		#toc-toggle-inline {
			vertical-align: 0.05em;
			font-size: 80%;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
			border-style: none;
			background: transparent;
			position: relative;
		}
		#toc-toggle-inline:hover:not(:active),
		#toc-toggle-inline:focus:not(:active) {
			text-shadow: 1px 1px silver;
			top: -1px;
			left: -1px;
		}

		#toc-nav :active {
			color: #C00;
		}
	}

/** ToC Sidebar ***************************************************************/

	/* Floating sidebar */
	@media screen {
		body.toc-sidebar #toc {
			position: fixed;
			top: 0; bottom: 0;
			left: 0;
			width: 23.5em;
			max-width: 80%;
			max-width: calc(100% - 2em - 26px);
			overflow: auto;
			padding: 0 1em;
			padding-left: 42px;
			padding-left: calc(1em + 26px);
			background: inherit;
			background-color: #f7f8f9;
			z-index: 1;
			box-shadow: -.1em 0 .25em rgba(0,0,0,.1) inset;
		}
		body.toc-sidebar #toc h2 {
			margin-top: .8rem;
			font-variant: small-caps;
			font-variant: all-small-caps;
			text-transform: lowercase;
			font-weight: bold;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
		}
		body.toc-sidebar #toc-jump:not(:focus) {
			width: 0;
			height: 0;
			padding: 0;
			position: absolute;
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}
	/* Hide main scroller when only the ToC is visible anyway */
	@media screen and (max-width: 28em) {
		body.toc-sidebar {
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}

	/* Sidebar with its own space */
	@media screen and (min-width: 78em) {
		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc {
			position: fixed;
			top: 0; bottom: 0;
			left: 0;
			width: 23.5em;
			overflow: auto;
			padding: 0 1em;
			padding-left: 42px;
			padding-left: calc(1em + 26px);
			background: inherit;
			background-color: #f7f8f9;
			z-index: 1;
			box-shadow: -.1em 0 .25em rgba(0,0,0,.1) inset;
		}
		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc h2 {
			margin-top: .8rem;
			font-variant: small-caps;
			font-variant: all-small-caps;
			text-transform: lowercase;
			font-weight: bold;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
		}

		body:not(.toc-inline) {
			padding-left: 29em;
		}
		/* See also Overflow section at the bottom */

		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc-jump:not(:focus) {
			width: 0;
			height: 0;
			padding: 0;
			position: absolute;
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}
	@media screen and (min-width: 90em) {
		body:not(.toc-inline) {
			margin: 0 4em;
		}
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                Sectioning                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Headings ******************************************************************/

	h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, dt {
		page-break-after: avoid;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		font: 100% sans-serif;   /* Reset all font styling to clear out UA styles */
		font-family: inherit;    /* Inherit the font family. */
		line-height: 1.2;        /* Keep wrapped headings compact */
		hyphens: manual;         /* Hyphenated headings look weird */
	}

	h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
		margin-top: 3rem;
	}

	h1, h2, h3 {
		color: #005A9C;
		background: transparent;
	}

	h1 { font-size: 170%; }
	h2 { font-size: 140%; }
	h3 { font-size: 120%; }
	h4 { font-weight: bold; }
	h5 { font-style: italic; }
	h6 { font-variant: small-caps; }
	dt { font-weight: bold; }

/** Subheadings ***************************************************************/

	h1 + h2,
	#subtitle {
		/* #subtitle is a subtitle in an H2 under the H1 */
		margin-top: 0;
	}
	h2 + h3,
	h3 + h4,
	h4 + h5,
	h5 + h6 {
		margin-top: 1.2em; /* = 1 x line-height */
	}

/** Section divider ***********************************************************/

	:not(.head) > hr {
		font-size: 1.5em;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 1em auto;
		height: auto;
		border: transparent solid 0;
		background: transparent;
	}
	:not(.head) > hr::before {
		content: "\2727\2003\2003\2727\2003\2003\2727";
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                            Paragraphs and Lists                            */
/******************************************************************************/

	p {
		margin: 1em 0;
	}

	dd > p:first-child,
	li > p:first-child {
		margin-top: 0;
	}

	ul, ol {
		margin-left: 0;
		padding-left: 2em;
	}

	li {
		margin: 0.25em 0 0.5em;
		padding: 0;
	}

	dl dd {
		margin: 0 0 .5em 2em;
	}

	.head dd + dd { /* compact for header */
		margin-top: -.5em;
	}

	/* Style for algorithms */
	ol.algorithm ol:not(.algorithm),
	.algorithm > ol ol:not(.algorithm) {
	 border-left: 0.5em solid #DEF;
	}

	/* Put nice boxes around each algorithm. */
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) {
	  padding: .5em;
	  border: thin solid #ddd; border-radius: .5em;
	  margin: .5em calc(-0.5em - 1px);
	}
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) > :first-child {
	  margin-top: 0;
	}
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) > :last-child {
	  margin-bottom: 0;
	}

	/* Style for switch/case <dl>s */
	dl.switch > dd > ol.only,
	dl.switch > dd > .only > ol {
	 margin-left: 0;
	}
	dl.switch > dd > ol.algorithm,
	dl.switch > dd > .algorithm > ol {
	 margin-left: -2em;
	}
	dl.switch {
	 padding-left: 2em;
	}
	dl.switch > dt {
	 text-indent: -1.5em;
	 margin-top: 1em;
	}
	dl.switch > dt + dt {
	 margin-top: 0;
	}
	dl.switch > dt::before {
	 content: '\21AA';
	 padding: 0 0.5em 0 0;
	 display: inline-block;
	 width: 1em;
	 text-align: right;
	 line-height: 0.5em;
	}

/** Terminology Markup ********************************************************/


/******************************************************************************/
/*                                 Inline Markup                              */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Terminology Markup ********************************************************/
	dfn   { /* Defining instance */
		font-weight: bolder;
	}
	a > i { /* Instance of term */
		font-style: normal;
	}
	dt dfn code, code.idl {
		font-size: medium;
	}
	dfn var {
		font-style: normal;
	}

/** Change Marking ************************************************************/

	del { color: red;  text-decoration: line-through; }
	ins { color: #080; text-decoration: underline;    }

/** Miscellaneous improvements to inline formatting ***************************/

	sup {
		vertical-align: super;
		font-size: 80%
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Code                                    */
/******************************************************************************/

/** General monospace/pre rules ***********************************************/

	pre, code, samp {
		font-family: Menlo, Consolas, "DejaVu Sans Mono", Monaco, monospace;
		font-size: .9em;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		hyphens: none;
		text-transform: none;
	}
	pre code,
	code code {
		font-size: 100%;
	}

	pre {
		margin-top: 1em;
		margin-bottom: 1em;
		overflow: auto;
	}

/** Inline Code fragments *****************************************************/

  /* Do something nice. */

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Links                                   */
/******************************************************************************/

/** General Hyperlinks ********************************************************/

	/* We hyperlink a lot, so make it less intrusive */
	a[href] {
		color: #034575;
		text-decoration: none;
		border-bottom: 1px solid #707070;
		/* Need a bit of extending for it to look okay */
		padding: 0 1px 0;
		margin: 0 -1px 0;
	}
	a:visited {
		border-bottom-color: #BBB;
	}

	/* Use distinguishing colors when user is interacting with the link */
	a[href]:focus,
	a[href]:hover {
		background: #f8f8f8;
		background: rgba(75%, 75%, 75%, .25);
		border-bottom-width: 3px;
		margin-bottom: -2px;
	}
	a[href]:active {
		color: #C00;
		border-color: #C00;
	}

	/* Backout above styling for W3C logo */
	.head .logo,
	.head .logo a {
		border: none;
		text-decoration: none;
		background: transparent;
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Images                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	img {
		border-style: none;
	}

	/* For autogen numbers, add
	   .caption::before, figcaption::before { content: "Figure " counter(figure) ". "; }
	*/

	figure, .figure, .sidefigure {
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 2.5em 0;
	}
	.figure img,    .sidefigure img,    figure img,
	.figure object, .sidefigure object, figure object {
		max-width: 100%;
		margin: auto;
	}
	.figure pre, .sidefigure pre, figure pre {
		text-align: left;
		display: table;
		margin: 1em auto;
	}
	.figure table, figure table {
		margin: auto;
	}
	@media screen and (min-width: 20em) {
		.sidefigure {
			float: right;
			width: 50%;
			margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em
		}
	}
	.caption, figcaption, caption {
		font-style: italic;
		font-size: 90%;
	}
	.caption::before, figcaption::before, figcaption > .marker {
		font-weight: bold;
	}
	.caption, figcaption {
		counter-increment: figure;
	}

	/* DL list is indented 2em, but figure inside it is not */
	dd > .figure, dd > figure { margin-left: -2em }

/******************************************************************************/
/*                             Colored Boxes                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	.issue, .note, .example, .assertion, .advisement, blockquote {
		padding: .5em;
		border: .5em;
		border-left-style: solid;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
	}
	span.issue, span.note {
		padding: .1em .5em .15em;
		border-right-style: solid;
	}

	.issue,
	.note,
	.example,
	.advisement,
	.assertion,
	blockquote {
		margin: 1em auto;
	}
	.note  > p:first-child,
	.issue > p:first-child,
	blockquote > :first-child {
		margin-top: 0;
	}
	blockquote > :last-child {
		margin-bottom: 0;
	}

/** Blockquotes ***************************************************************/

	blockquote {
		border-color: silver;
	}

/** Open issue ****************************************************************/

	.issue {
		border-color: #E05252;
		background: #FBE9E9;
		counter-increment: issue;
		overflow: auto;
	}
	.issue::before, .issue > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		color: #AE1E1E;
		padding-right: 1em;
		text-transform: uppercase;
	}
	/* Add .issue::before { content: "Issue " counter(issue) " "; } for autogen numbers,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the issue number in source. */

/** Example *******************************************************************/

	.example {
		border-color: #E0CB52;
		background: #FCFAEE;
		counter-increment: example;
		overflow: auto;
		clear: both;
	}
	.example::before, .example > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		color: #827017;
		min-width: 7.5em;
		display: block;
	}
	/* Add .example::before { content: "Example " counter(example) " "; } for autogen numbers,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the example number in source. */

/** Non-normative Note ********************************************************/

	.note {
		border-color: #52E052;
		background: #E9FBE9;
		overflow: auto;
	}

	.note::before, .note > .marker,
	details.note > summary::before,
	details.note > summary > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		display: block;
		color: hsl(120, 70%, 30%);
	}
	/* Add .note::before { content: "Note"; } for autogen label,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the label in source. */

	details.note > summary {
		display: block;
		color: hsl(120, 70%, 30%);
	}
	details.note[open] > summary {
		border-bottom: 1px silver solid;
	}

/** Assertion Box *************************************************************/
	/*  for assertions in algorithms */

	.assertion {
		border-color: #AAA;
		background: #EEE;
	}

/** Advisement Box ************************************************************/
	/*  for attention-grabbing normative statements */

	.advisement {
		border-color: orange;
		border-style: none solid;
		background: #FFEECC;
	}
	strong.advisement {
		display: block;
		text-align: center;
	}
	.advisement > .marker {
		color: #B35F00;
	}

/** Spec Obsoletion Notice ****************************************************/
	/* obnoxious obsoletion notice for older/abandoned specs. */

	details {
		display: block;
	}
	summary {
		font-weight: bolder;
	}

	.annoying-warning:not(details),
	details.annoying-warning:not([open]) > summary,
	details.annoying-warning[open] {
		background: #fdd;
		color: red;
		font-weight: bold;
		padding: .75em 1em;
		border: thick red;
		border-style: solid;
		border-radius: 1em;
	}
	.annoying-warning :last-child {
		margin-bottom: 0;
	}

@media not print {
	details.annoying-warning[open] {
		position: fixed;
		left: 1em;
		right: 1em;
		bottom: 1em;
		z-index: 1000;
	}
}

	details.annoying-warning:not([open]) > summary {
		text-align: center;
	}

/** Entity Definition Boxes ***************************************************/

	.def {
		padding: .5em 1em;
		background: #DEF;
		margin: 1.2em 0;
		border-left: 0.5em solid #8CCBF2;
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Tables                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	th, td {
		text-align: left;
		text-align: start;
	}

/** Property/Descriptor Definition Tables *************************************/

	table.def {
		/* inherits .def box styling, see above */
		width: 100%;
		border-spacing: 0;
	}

	table.def td,
	table.def th {
		padding: 0.5em;
		vertical-align: baseline;
		border-bottom: 1px solid #bbd7e9;
	}

	table.def > tbody > tr:last-child th,
	table.def > tbody > tr:last-child td {
		border-bottom: 0;
	}

	table.def th {
		font-style: italic;
		font-weight: normal;
		padding-left: 1em;
		width: 3em;
	}

	/* For when values are extra-complex and need formatting for readability */
	table td.pre {
		white-space: pre-wrap;
	}

	/* A footnote at the bottom of a def table */
	table.def           td.footnote {
		padding-top: 0.6em;
	}
	table.def           td.footnote::before {
		content: " ";
		display: block;
		height: 0.6em;
		width: 4em;
		border-top: thin solid;
	}

/** Data tables (and properly marked-up index tables) *************************/
	/*
		 <table class="data"> highlights structural relationships in a table
		 when correct markup is used (e.g. thead/tbody, th vs. td, scope attribute)

		 Use class="complex data" for particularly complicated tables --
		 (This will draw more lines: busier, but clearer.)

		 Use class="long" on table cells with paragraph-like contents
		 (This will adjust text alignment accordingly.)
		 Alternately use class="longlastcol" on tables, to have the last column assume "long".
	*/

	table {
		word-wrap: normal;
		overflow-wrap: normal;
		hyphens: manual;
	}

	table.data,
	table.index {
		margin: 1em auto;
		border-collapse: collapse;
		border: hidden;
		width: 100%;
	}
	table.data caption,
	table.index caption {
		max-width: 50em;
		margin: 0 auto 1em;
	}

	table.data td,  table.data th,
	table.index td, table.index th {
		padding: 0.5em 1em;
		border-width: 1px;
		border-color: silver;
		border-top-style: solid;
	}

	table.data thead td:empty {
		padding: 0;
		border: 0;
	}

	table.data  thead,
	table.index thead,
	table.data  tbody,
	table.index tbody {
		border-bottom: 2px solid;
	}

	table.data colgroup,
	table.index colgroup {
		border-left: 2px solid;
	}

	table.data  tbody th:first-child,
	table.index tbody th:first-child  {
		border-right: 2px solid;
		border-top: 1px solid silver;
		padding-right: 1em;
	}

	table.data th[colspan],
	table.data td[colspan] {
		text-align: center;
	}

	table.complex.data th,
	table.complex.data td {
		border: 1px solid silver;
		text-align: center;
	}

	table.data.longlastcol td:last-child,
	table.data td.long {
	 vertical-align: baseline;
	 text-align: left;
	}

	table.data img {
		vertical-align: middle;
	}


/*
Alternate table alignment rules

	table.data,
	table.index {
		text-align: center;
	}

	table.data  thead th[scope="row"],
	table.index thead th[scope="row"] {
		text-align: right;
	}

	table.data  tbody th:first-child,
	table.index tbody th:first-child  {
		text-align: right;
	}

Possible extra rowspan handling

	table.data  tbody th[rowspan]:not([rowspan='1']),
	table.index tbody th[rowspan]:not([rowspan='1']),
	table.data  tbody td[rowspan]:not([rowspan='1']),
	table.index tbody td[rowspan]:not([rowspan='1']) {
		border-left: 1px solid silver;
	}

	table.data  tbody th[rowspan]:first-child,
	table.index tbody th[rowspan]:first-child,
	table.data  tbody td[rowspan]:first-child,
	table.index tbody td[rowspan]:first-child{
		border-left: 0;
		border-right: 1px solid silver;
	}
*/

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                  Indices                                   */
/******************************************************************************/


/** Table of Contents *********************************************************/

	.toc a {
		/* More spacing; use padding to make it part of the click target. */
		padding-top: 0.1rem;
		/* Larger, more consistently-sized click target */
		display: block;
		/* Reverse color scheme */
		color: black;
		border-color: #3980B5;
		border-bottom-width: 3px !important;
		margin-bottom: 0px !important;
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	.toc a:visited {
		border-color: #054572;
	}
	.toc a:not(:focus):not(:hover) {
		/* Allow colors to cascade through from link styling */
		border-bottom-color: transparent;
	}

	.toc, .toc ol, .toc ul, .toc li {
		list-style: none; /* Numbers must be inlined into source */
		/* because generated content isn't search/selectable and markers can't do multilevel yet */
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		padding: 0;
		line-height: 1.1rem; /* consistent spacing */
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	/* ToC not indented until third level, but font style & margins show hierarchy */
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	.toc > li li li li li { font-size:   85%;    }
	.toc > li li li li li .secno { font-size: 100%; }

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		/* Section numbers in a column of their own */
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			width: 4rem;
			white-space: nowrap;
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		.toc > li li li .secno       { margin-left: -7rem; }
		.toc > li li li li .secno    { margin-left: -9rem; }
		.toc > li li li li li .secno { margin-left: -11rem; }

		/* Tighten up indentation in narrow ToCs */
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			.toc > li li li .secno       { margin-left: -5rem; }
			.toc > li li li li .secno    { margin-left: -6rem; }
			.toc > li li li li li .secno { margin-left: -7rem; }
		}
	/* } */

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		/* Use #toc over .toc to override non-@supports rules. */
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			align-content: start;
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			row-gap: .6rem;
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			grid-column: 1 / -1;
			margin-bottom: 0;
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		#toc ol,
		#toc li,
		#toc a {
			display: contents;
			/* Switch <a> to subgrid when supported */
		}
		#toc span {
			margin: 0;
		}
		#toc > .toc > li > a > span {
			/* The spans of the top-level list,
			   comprising the first items of each top-level section. */
			margin-top: 1.1rem;
		}
		#toc#toc .secno { /* Ugh, need more specificity to override base.css */
			grid-column: 1;
			width: auto;
			margin-left: 0;
		}
		#toc .content {
			grid-column: 2;
			width: auto;
			margin-right: 1rem;
		}
		#toc .content:hover {
			background: rgba(75%, 75%, 75%, .25);
			border-bottom: 3px solid #054572;
			margin-bottom: -3px;
		}
		#toc li li li .content {
			margin-left: 1rem;
		}
		#toc li li li li .content {
			margin-left: 2rem;
		}
	}


/** Index *********************************************************************/

	/* Index Lists: Layout */
	ul.index       { margin-left: 0; columns: 15em; text-indent: 1em hanging; }
	ul.index li    { margin-left: 0; list-style: none; break-inside: avoid; }
	ul.index li li { margin-left: 1em }
	ul.index dl    { margin-top: 0; }
	ul.index dt    { margin: .2em 0 .2em 20px;}
	ul.index dd    { margin: .2em 0 .2em 40px;}
	/* Index Lists: Typography */
	ul.index ul,
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	@media not print {
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			color: transparent; }
		ul.index li a:hover + span,
		ul.index li a:focus + span {
			color: #707070;
		}
	}

/** Index Tables *****************************************************/
	/* See also the data table styling section, which this effectively subclasses */

	table.index {
		font-size: small;
		border-collapse: collapse;
		border-spacing: 0;
		text-align: left;
		margin: 1em 0;
	}

	table.index td,
	table.index th {
		padding: 0.4em;
	}

	table.index tr:hover td:not([rowspan]),
	table.index tr:hover th:not([rowspan]) {
		background: #f7f8f9;
	}

	/* The link in the first column in the property table (formerly a TD) */
	table.index th:first-child a {
		font-weight: bold;
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Print                                   */
/******************************************************************************/

	@media print {
		/* Pages have their own margins. */
		html {
			margin: 0;
		}
		/* Serif for print. */
		body {
			font-family: serif;
		}
	}
	@page {
		margin: 1.5cm 1.1cm;
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Legacy                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	/* This rule is inherited from past style sheets. No idea what it's for. */
	.hide { display: none }



/******************************************************************************/
/*                             Overflow Control                               */
/******************************************************************************/

	.figure .caption, .sidefigure .caption, figcaption {
		/* in case figure is overlarge, limit caption to 50em */
		max-width: 50rem;
		margin-left: auto;
		margin-right: auto;
	}
	.overlarge > table {
		/* limit preferred width of table */
		max-width: 50em;
		margin-left: auto;
		margin-right: auto;
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			margin-left: calc(13px + 26.5rem - 50vw);
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			max-width: none;
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	@media screen and (min-width: 78em) {
		body:not(.toc-inline) .overlarge {
			/* 30.5em body padding 50em content area */
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			margin-right: calc(40em - 50vw) !important;
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			/* See Lea Verou's explanation background-attachment:
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			 *
			background: top left  / 4em 100% linear-gradient(to right,  #ffffff, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)) local,
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			            top left  / 1em 100% linear-gradient(to right,  #c3c3c5, rgba(195, 195, 197, 0)) scroll,
			            top right / 1em 100% linear-gradient(to left, #c3c3c5, rgba(195, 195, 197, 0)) scroll,
			            white;
			background-repeat: no-repeat;
			*/
		}
	}
</style>
<style type="text/css">
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    th, td {
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  <meta content="Bikeshed version 7d8ce2d953ffaca8e344c0dab76f68fc292738a6" name="generator">
  <link href="https://isocpp.org/favicon.ico" rel="icon">
  <meta content="47ba1525105d81e79a2f6f3f9251a64feaa9f790" name="document-revision">
<style>
pre {
  margin-top: 0px;
  margin-bottom: 0px;
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.ins, ins, ins *, span.ins, span.ins * {
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<style>/* style-md-lists */

/* This is a weird hack for me not yet following the commonmark spec
   regarding paragraph and lists. */
[data-md] > :first-child {
    margin-top: 0;
}
[data-md] > :last-child {
    margin-bottom: 0;
}</style>
<style>/* style-counters */

body {
    counter-reset: example figure issue;
}
.issue {
    counter-increment: issue;
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.issue:not(.no-marker)::before {
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.example {
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.example:not(.no-marker)::before {
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figcaption {
    counter-increment: figure;
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figcaption:not(.no-marker)::before {
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<style>/* style-syntax-highlighting */

.highlight:not(.idl) { background: hsl(24, 20%, 95%); }
code.highlight { padding: .1em; border-radius: .3em; }
pre.highlight, pre > code.highlight { display: block; padding: 1em; margin: .5em 0; overflow: auto; border-radius: 0; }
c-[a] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Declaration */
c-[b] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Type */
c-[c] { color: #708090 } /* Comment */
c-[d] { color: #708090 } /* Comment.Multiline */
c-[e] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Attribute */
c-[f] { color: #669900 } /* Name.Tag */
c-[g] { color: #222222 } /* Name.Variable */
c-[k] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword */
c-[l] { color: #000000 } /* Literal */
c-[m] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number */
c-[n] { color: #0077aa } /* Name */
c-[o] { color: #999999 } /* Operator */
c-[p] { color: #999999 } /* Punctuation */
c-[s] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String */
c-[t] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Single */
c-[u] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Double */
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c-[c1] { color: #708090 } /* Comment.Single */
c-[cs] { color: #708090 } /* Comment.Special */
c-[kc] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Constant */
c-[kn] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Namespace */
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c-[kr] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Reserved */
c-[ld] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Date */
c-[nc] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Class */
c-[no] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Constant */
c-[nd] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Decorator */
c-[ni] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Entity */
c-[ne] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Exception */
c-[nf] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Function */
c-[nl] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Label */
c-[nn] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Namespace */
c-[py] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Property */
c-[ow] { color: #999999 } /* Operator.Word */
c-[mb] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
c-[mf] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
c-[mh] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
c-[mi] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
c-[mo] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
c-[sb] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
c-[sc] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Char */
c-[sd] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Doc */
c-[se] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Escape */
c-[sh] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
c-[si] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
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<style>/* style-selflinks */

.heading, .issue, .note, .example, li, dt {
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a.self-link {
    position: absolute;
    top: 0;
    left: calc(-1 * (3.5rem - 26px));
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a.self-link::before            { content: "¶"; }
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dfn > a.self-link::before      { content: "#"; }</style>
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.css.css, .property.property, .descriptor.descriptor {
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pre .property::before, pre .property::after {
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[data-link-type="property"]::before,
[data-link-type="propdesc"]::before,
[data-link-type="descriptor"]::before,
[data-link-type="value"]::before,
[data-link-type="function"]::before,
[data-link-type="at-rule"]::before,
[data-link-type="selector"]::before,
[data-link-type="maybe"]::before {
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[data-link-type="property"]::after,
[data-link-type="propdesc"]::after,
[data-link-type="descriptor"]::after,
[data-link-type="value"]::after,
[data-link-type="function"]::after,
[data-link-type="at-rule"]::after,
[data-link-type="selector"]::after,
[data-link-type="maybe"]::after {
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[data-link-type].production::before,
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[data-link-type=element],
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[data-link-type=element]::before { content: "<" }
[data-link-type=element]::after  { content: ">" }

[data-link-type=biblio] {
    white-space: pre;
}</style>
 <body class="h-entry">
  <div class="head">
   <p data-fill-with="logo"></p>
   <h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">P1040R4<br>std::embed</h1>
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="subtitle"><span class="content">Published Proposal, <time class="dt-updated" datetime="2019-01-21">2019-01-21</time></span></h2>
   <div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
    <dl>
     <dt>Author:
     <dd>
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:phdofthehouse@gmail.com">JeanHeyd Meneide</a>
     <dt>Audience:
     <dd>EWG, LEWG
     <dt>Project:
     <dd>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 14882: Programming Language — C++
     <dt>Latest:
     <dd><a href="https://thephd.github.io/vendor/future_cxx/papers/d1040.html">https://thephd.github.io/vendor/future_cxx/papers/d1040.html</a>
     <dt>Implementation:
     <dd><a href="https://github.com/ThePhD/embed-implementation">https://github.com/ThePhD/embed-implementation</a>
     <dt>Reply To:
     <dd><a href="phdofthehouse@gmail.com">JeanHeyd Meneide</a>, <a href="https://twitter.com/thephantomderp">@thephantomderp</a>
    </dl>
   </div>
   <div data-fill-with="warning"></div>
   <hr title="Separator for header">
  </div>
  <div class="p-summary" data-fill-with="abstract">
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="abstract"><span class="content">Abstract</span></h2>
   <p>A proposal for a function that allows pulling resources at compile-time into a program.</p>
  </div>
  <nav data-fill-with="table-of-contents" id="toc">
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
   <ol class="toc" role="directory">
    <li>
     <a href="#changelog"><span class="secno">1</span> <span class="content">Revision History</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#changelog-r4"><span class="secno">1.1</span> <span class="content">Revision 4 - November 26th, 2018</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r3"><span class="secno">1.2</span> <span class="content">Revision 3 - November 26th, 2018</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r2"><span class="secno">1.3</span> <span class="content">Revision 2 - October 10th, 2018</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r1"><span class="secno">1.4</span> <span class="content">Revision 1 - June 10th, 2018</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r0"><span class="secno">1.5</span> <span class="content">Revision 0 - May 11th, 2018</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#motivation"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content">Motivation</span></a>
    <li><a href="#scope"><span class="secno">3</span> <span class="content">Scope and Impact</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#design"><span class="secno">4</span> <span class="content">Design Decisions</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li>
       <a href="#design-practice"><span class="secno">4.1</span> <span class="content">Current Practice</span></a>
       <ol class="toc">
        <li><a href="#design-practice-manual"><span class="secno">4.1.1</span> <span class="content">Manual Work</span></a>
        <li><a href="#design-practice-tools"><span class="secno">4.1.2</span> <span class="content">Processing Tools</span></a>
        <li><a href="#design-practice-vendor"><span class="secno">4.1.3</span> <span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>ld</c-></code>, resource files, and other vendor-specific link-time tools</span></a>
        <li><a href="#design.practice.incbin"><span class="secno">4.1.4</span> <span class="content">The <code class="highlight"><c- n>incbin</c-></code> tool</span></a>
       </ol>
      <li>
       <a href="#design-prior"><span class="secno">4.2</span> <span class="content">Prior Art</span></a>
       <ol class="toc">
        <li><a href="#design-prior-literal"><span class="secno">4.2.1</span> <span class="content">Literal-Based, constexpr</span></a>
        <li><a href="#design-prior-null"><span class="secno">4.2.2</span> <span class="content">Literal-Based, Null Terminated (?)</span></a>
        <li><a href="#design-prior-encoding"><span class="secno">4.2.3</span> <span class="content">Encoding</span></a>
       </ol>
      <li>
       <a href="#design-goals"><span class="secno">4.3</span> <span class="content">Design Goals</span></a>
       <ol class="toc">
        <li><a href="#design-goals-impldefn"><span class="secno">4.3.1</span> <span class="content">Implementation Defined</span></a>
        <li><a href="#design-goals-binary"><span class="secno">4.3.2</span> <span class="content">Binary Only</span></a>
        <li><a href="#design-goals-constexpr"><span class="secno">4.3.3</span> <span class="content">Constexpr Compatibility</span></a>
        <li><a href="#design-goals-templated"><span class="secno">4.3.4</span> <span class="content">Statically Polymorphic</span></a>
       </ol>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#wording"><span class="secno">5</span> <span class="content">Changes to the Standard</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#wording-intent"><span class="secno">5.1</span> <span class="content">Intent</span></a>
      <li><a href="#wording-feature"><span class="secno">5.2</span> <span class="content">Proposed Feature Test Macro</span></a>
      <li><a href="#wording-proposed"><span class="secno">5.3</span> <span class="content">Proposed Wording</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li>
     <a href="#appendix"><span class="secno">6</span> <span class="content">Appendix</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li>
       <a href="#appendix-sadness"><span class="secno">6.1</span> <span class="content">Sadness</span></a>
       <ol class="toc">
        <li><a href="#appendix-tools"><span class="secno">6.1.1</span> <span class="content">Pre-Processing Tools Sadness</span></a>
        <li><a href="#appendix-mongo"><span class="secno">6.1.2</span> <span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>python</c-></code> Sadness</span></a>
        <li><a href="#appendix-ld"><span class="secno">6.1.3</span> <span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>ld</c-></code> Sadness</span></a>
       </ol>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#acknowledgements"><span class="secno">7</span> <span class="content">Acknowledgements</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#references"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">References</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#informative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Informative References</span></a>
     </ol>
   </ol>
  </nav>
  <main>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="1" id="changelog"><span class="secno">1. </span><span class="content">Revision History</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog"></a></h2>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.1" id="changelog-r4"><span class="secno">1.1. </span><span class="content">Revision 4 - November 26th, 2018</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r4"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Wording is now relative to <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-n4778">[n4778]</a>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Minor typo and tweak fixes.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.2" id="changelog-r3"><span class="secno">1.2. </span><span class="content">Revision 3 - November 26th, 2018</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r3"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Change to using <code class="highlight"><c- n>consteval</c-></code>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Discuss potential issues with accessing resources after full semantic analysis is performed. Prepare to poll Evolution Working Group. Reference new paper, <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-p1130">[p1130]</a>, about resource management.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.3" id="changelog-r2"><span class="secno">1.3. </span><span class="content">Revision 2 - October 10th, 2018</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r2"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Destroy <code class="highlight"><c- n>embed_options</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>alignment</c-></code> options: if the function is materialized only at compile-time through <code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-></code> or the upcoming "immediate functions" (<code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-><c- o>!</c-></code>), there is no reason to make this part of the function. Instead, the user can choose their own alignment when they pin this down into a std::array or some form of C array / C++ storage.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.4" id="changelog-r1"><span class="secno">1.4. </span><span class="content">Revision 1 - June 10th, 2018</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r1"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Create future directions section, follow up on Library Evolution Working Group comments.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Change <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed_options</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>null_terminated</c-></code> to <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed_options</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>null_terminate</c-></code>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Add more code demonstrating the old way and motivating examples.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Incorporate LEWG feedback, particularly alignment requirements illuminated by Odin Holmes and Niall Douglass. Add a feature macro on top of having <code class="highlight"><c- n>__has_include</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- p>)</c-></code>.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.5" id="changelog-r0"><span class="secno">1.5. </span><span class="content">Revision 0 - May 11th, 2018</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r0"></a></h3>
   <p>Initial release.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="2" id="motivation"><span class="secno">2. </span><span class="content">Motivation</span><a class="self-link" href="#motivation"></a></h2>
   <blockquote>
    <p>I’m very keen on std::embed. I’ve been hand-embedding data in executables for NEARLY FORTY YEARS now. — <cite>Guy "Hatcat" Davidson, June 15, 2018</cite></p>
   </blockquote>
   <table>
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <th>Currently
      <th>With Proposal
     <tr>
      <td>
<pre class="highlight"><c- n>se</c-><c- o>-</c-><c- n>shell</c->@<c- n>virt</c-><c- o>-</c-><c- n>deb</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>python</c-> <c- n>strfy</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>py</c-> \
	<c- n>fxaa</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>spriv</c-> \
	<c- n>stringified_fxaa</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>spirv</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>h</c->
</pre>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;span>

<c- n>constexpr</c-> <c- kr>inline</c-> 
<c- k>const</c-> <c- k>auto</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-> <c- n>fxaa_spriv_data</c-> <c- o>=</c->
<c- cp>#include</c-> "stringified_fxaa.spirv.h"
<c- p>;</c->

<c- c1>// prevent embedded nulls from</c->
<c- c1>// ruining everything with </c->
<c- c1>// char_traits&lt;char>::length</c->
<c- c1>// or strlen</c->
<c- n>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- kr>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> <c- n>N</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>constexpr</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> 
<c- n>string_array_size</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>T</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-><c- p>)[</c-><c- n>N</c-><c- p>])</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>return</c-> <c- n>N</c-> <c- o>-</c-> <c- mi>1</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->

<c- b>int</c-> <c- n>main</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- b>int</c-> <c- b>char</c-><c- o>*</c-><c- p>[])</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- n>constexpr</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>span</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>byte</c-><c- o>></c-> 
	<c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>{</c-> 
		<c- n>fxaa_spriv_data</c-><c- p>,</c-> 
		<c- n>string_array_size</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>fxaa_spriv_data</c-><c- p>)</c->
	<c- p>};</c->

	<c- c1>// assert this is a SPIRV </c->
	<c- c1>// file, at compile-time	</c->
	<c- n>static_assert</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mh>0x03</c-> 
		<c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-> <c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>1</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mh>0x02</c->
		<c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-> <c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>2</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mh>0x23</c-> 
		<c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-> <c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>3</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mh>0x07</c-><c- p>,</c-> 
		<c- s>"given wrong SPIRV data, "</c->
		<c- s>"check rebuild or check "</c->
		<c- s>"the binaries!"</c-><c- p>)</c->

	<c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>context</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>make_vulkan_context</c-><c- p>();</c->

	<c- c1>// data kept around and made</c->
	<c- c1>// available for binary</c->
	<c- c1>// to use at runtime</c->
	<c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>fxaa_shader</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>make_shader</c-><c- p>(</c-> 
		<c- n>context</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>fxaa_binary</c-> <c- p>);</c->

	<c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(;;)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
		<c- c1>// ...</c->
		<c- c1>// and we’re off!</c->
		<c- c1>// ...</c->
	<c- p>}</c->

	<c- k>return</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
      <td>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;embed>

<c- b>int</c-> <c- nf>main</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- b>char</c-><c- o>*</c-><c- p>[])</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- n>constexpr</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>span</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>byte</c-><c- o>></c-> 
	<c- n>fxaa_binary</c-> <c- o>=</c-> 
		<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- s>"fxaa.spirv"</c-> <c- p>);</c->
	
	<c- c1>// assert this is a SPIRV </c->
	<c- c1>// file, at compile-time	</c->
	<c- n>static_assert</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mh>0x03</c-> 
		<c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-> <c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>1</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mh>0x02</c->
		<c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-> <c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>2</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mh>0x23</c-> 
		<c- o>&amp;&amp;</c-> <c- n>fxaa_binary</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>3</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mh>0x07</c-><c- p>,</c-> 
		<c- s>"given wrong SPIRV data, "</c->
		<c- s>"check rebuild or check "</c->
		<c- s>"the binaries!"</c-><c- p>)</c->

	<c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>context</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>make_vulkan_context</c-><c- p>();</c->

	<c- c1>// data kept around and made</c->
	<c- c1>// available for binary</c->
	<c- c1>// to use at runtime</c->
	<c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>fxaa_shader</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>make_shader</c-><c- p>(</c-> 
		<c- n>context</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>fxaa_binary</c-> <c- p>);</c->

	<c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(;;)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
		<c- c1>// ...</c->
		<c- c1>// and we’re off!</c->
		<c- c1>// ...</c->
	<c- p>}</c->

	<c- k>return</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   </table>
   <p>Every C and C++ programmer -- at some point -- attempts to <code class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-></code> large chunks of non-C++ data into their code. Of course, <code class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-></code> expects the format of the data to be source code, and thusly the program fails with spectacular lexer errors. Thusly, many different tools and practices were adapted to handle this, as far back as 1995 with the <code class="highlight"><c- n>xxd</c-></code> tool. Many industries need such functionality, including (but hardly limited to):</p>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Financial Development</p>
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p>representing coefficients and numeric constants for performance-critical algorithms;</p>
     </ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Game Development</p>
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p>assets that do not change at runtime, such as icons, fixed textures and other data</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p>Shader and scripting code;</p>
     </ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Embedded Development</p>
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p>storing large chunks of binary, such as firmware, in a well-compressed format</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p>placing data in memory on chips and systems that do not have an operating system or file system;</p>
     </ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Application Development</p>
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p>compressed binary blobs representing data</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p>non-C++ script code that is not changed at runtime; and</p>
     </ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Server Development</p>
     <ul>
      <li data-md>
       <p>configuration parameters which are known at build-time and are baked in to set limits and give compile-time information to tweak performance under certain loads</p>
      <li data-md>
       <p>SSL/TLS Certificates hard-coded into your executable (requiring a rebuild and potential authorization before deploying new certificates).</p>
     </ul>
   </ul>
   <p>In the pursuit of this goal, these tools have proven to have inadequacies and contribute poorly to the C++ development cycle as it continues to scale up for larger and better low-end devices and high-performance machines, bogging developers down with menial build tasks and trying to cover-up disappointing differences between platforms.</p>
   <p>MongoDB has been kind enough to share some of their code <a href="#appendix-mongo">below</a>. Other companies have had their example code anonymized or simply not included directly out of shame for the things they need to do to support their workflows. The author thanks MongoDB for their courage and their support for <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-></code>.</p>
   <p>The request for some form of <code class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c->_string</code> or similar dates back quite a long time, with one of the oldest stack overflow questions asked-and-answered about it dating back nearly 10 years. Predating even that is a plethora of mailing list posts and forum posts asking how to get script code and other things that are not likely to change into the binary.</p>
   <p>This paper proposes <code class="highlight"><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- o>></c-></code> to make this process much more efficient, portable, and streamlined.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="scope"><span class="secno">3. </span><span class="content">Scope and Impact</span><a class="self-link" href="#scope"></a></h2>
   <p><code class="highlight"><c- n>consteval</c-> <c- n>span</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>byte</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- n>string_view</c-> <c- n>resource_identifier</c-> <c- p>)</c-></code> is an extension to the language proposed entirely as a library construct. The goal is to have it implemented with compiler intrinsics, builtins, or other suitable mechanisms. It does not affect the language. The proposed header to expose this functionality is <code class="highlight"><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- o>></c-></code>, making the feature entirely-opt-in by checking if either the proposed feature test macro or header exists.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="4" id="design"><span class="secno">4. </span><span class="content">Design Decisions</span><a class="self-link" href="#design"></a></h2>
   <p><code class="highlight"><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- o>></c-></code> avoids using the preprocessor or defining new string literal syntax like its predecessors, preferring the use of a free function in the <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-></code> namespace. <code class="highlight"><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- o>></c-></code>'s design is derived heavily from community feedback plus the rejection of the prior art up to this point, as well as the community needs demonstrated by existing practice and their pit falls.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1" id="design-practice"><span class="secno">4.1. </span><span class="content">Current Practice</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-practice"></a></h3>
   <p>Here, we examine current practice, their benefits, and their pitfalls. There are a few cross-platform (and not-so-cross-platform) paths for getting data into an executable.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.1" id="design-practice-manual"><span class="secno">4.1.1. </span><span class="content">Manual Work</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-practice-manual"></a></h4>
   <p>Many developers also hand-wrap their files in (raw) string literals, or similar to massage their data -- binary or not -- into a conforming representation that can be parsed at source code:</p>
   <ol start="0">
    <li data-md>
     <p>Have a file <code class="highlight"><c- n>data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>json</c-></code> with some data, for example:</p>
   </ol>
<pre class="highlight"><c- p>{</c-> <c- s>"Hello"</c-><c- o>:</c-> <c- s>"World!"</c-> <c- p>}</c-></pre>
   <ol>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Mangle that file with raw string literals, and save it as <code class="highlight"><c- n>raw_include_data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>h</c-></code>:</p>
   </ol>
<pre class="highlight">R<c- s>"</c->json(<c- s>{ "Hello": "World!" }</c->)json<c- s>"</c-></pre>
   <ol start="2">
    <li data-md>
     <p>Include it into a variable, optionally made <code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-></code>, and use it in the program:</p>
   </ol>
<pre class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;iostream>
<c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;string_view>

<c- b>int</c-> <c- nf>main</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- k>constexpr</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>string_view</c-> <c- n>json_view</c-> <c- o>=</c->
<c- cp>#include</c-> "raw_include_data.h"
    <c- p>;</c->
		
  <c- c1>// { "Hello": "World!" }</c->
  <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>cout</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>json_view</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>endl</c-><c- p>;</c->
  <c- k>return</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>This happens often in the case of people who have not yet taken the "add a build step" mantra to heart. The biggest problem is that the above C++-ready source file is no longer valid in as its original representation, meaning the file as-is cannot be passed to any validation tools, schema checkers, or otherwise. This hurts the portability and interop story of C++ with other tools and languages.</p>
   <p>Furthermore, if the string literal is too big vendors such as VC++ will hard error <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-nonius-visual-c-error">the build (example from Nonius, benchmarking framework)</a>.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.2" id="design-practice-tools"><span class="secno">4.1.2. </span><span class="content">Processing Tools</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-practice-tools"></a></h4>
   <p>Other developers use pre-processors for data that can’t be easily hacked into a C++ source-code appropriate state (e.g., binary). The most popular one is <code class="highlight"><c- n>xxd</c-> <c- o>-</c-><c- n>i</c-> <c- n>my_data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>bin</c-></code>, which outputs an array in a file which developers then include. This is problematic because it turns binary data in C++ source. In many cases, this results in a larger file due to having to restructure the data to fit grammar requirements. It also results in needing an extra build step, which throws any programmer immediately at the mercy of build tools and project management. An example and further analysis can be found in the <a href="#appendix-tools">§6.1.1 Pre-Processing Tools Sadness</a> and the <a href="#appendix-mongo">§6.1.2 python Sadness</a> section.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.3" id="design-practice-vendor"><span class="secno">4.1.3. </span><span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>ld</c-></code>, resource files, and other vendor-specific link-time tools</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-practice-vendor"></a></h4>
   <p>Resource files and other "link time" or post-processing measures have one benefit over the previous method: they are fast to perform in terms of compilation time. A example can be seen in the <a href="#appendix-ld">§6.1.3 ld Sadness</a> section.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1.4" id="design.practice.incbin"><span class="secno">4.1.4. </span><span class="content">The <code class="highlight"><c- n>incbin</c-></code> tool</span><a class="self-link" href="#design.practice.incbin"></a></h4>
   <p>There is a tool called <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-incbin">[incbin]</a> which is a 3rd party attempt at pulling files in at "assembly time". Its approach is incredibly similar to <code class="highlight"><c- n>ld</c-></code>, with the caveat that files must be shipped with their binary. It unfortunately falls prey to the same problems of cross-platform woes when dealing with VC++, requiring additional pre-processing to work out in full.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2" id="design-prior"><span class="secno">4.2. </span><span class="content">Prior Art</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-prior"></a></h3>
   <p>There has been a lot of discussion over the years in many arenas, from Stack Overflow to mailing lists to meetings with the Committee itself. The latest advancements that had been brought to WG21’s attention was <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-p0373r0">p0373r0 - File String Literals</a>. It proposed the syntax <code class="highlight"><c- n>F</c-><c- s>"my_file.txt"</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>bF</c-><c- s>"my_file.txt"</c-></code>, with a few other amenities, to load files at compilation time. The following is an analysis of the previous proposal.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2.1" id="design-prior-literal"><span class="secno">4.2.1. </span><span class="content">Literal-Based, constexpr</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-prior-literal"></a></h4>
   <p>A user could reasonably assign (or want to assign) the resulting array to a <code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-></code> variable as its expected to be handled like most other string literals. This allowed some degree of compile-time reflection. It is entirely helpful that such file contents be assigned to constexpr: e.g., string literals of JSON being loaded at compile time to be parsed by Ben Deane and Jason Turner in their CppCon 2017 talk, <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-constexpr-all-the-things">constexpr All The Things</a>.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2.2" id="design-prior-null"><span class="secno">4.2.2. </span><span class="content">Literal-Based, Null Terminated (?)</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-prior-null"></a></h4>
   <p>It is unclear whether the resulting array of characters or bytes was to be null terminated. The usage and expression imply that it will be, due to its string-like appearance. However, is adding an additional null terminator fitting for desired usage? From the existing tools and practice (e.g., <code class="highlight"><c- n>xxd</c-> <c- o>-</c-><c- n>i</c-></code> or linking a data-dumped object file), the answer is no: but the syntax <code class="highlight"><c- n>bF</c-><c- s>"hello.txt"</c-></code> makes the answer seem like a "yes". This is confusing: either the user should be given an explicit choice or the feature should be entirely opt-in.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2.3" id="design-prior-encoding"><span class="secno">4.2.3. </span><span class="content">Encoding</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-prior-encoding"></a></h4>
   <p>Because the proposal used a string literal, several questions came up as to the actual encoding of the returned information. The author gave both <code class="highlight"><c- n>bF</c-><c- s>"my_file.txt"</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>F</c-><c- s>"my_file.txt"</c-></code> to separate binary versus string-based arrays of returns. Not only did this conflate issues with expectations in the previous section, it also became a heavily contested discussion on both the mailing list group discussion of the original proposal and in the paper itself. This is likely one of the biggest pitfalls between separating "binary" data from "string" data: imbuing an object with string-like properties at translation time provide for all the same hairy questions around source/execution character set and the contents of a literal.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.3" id="design-goals"><span class="secno">4.3. </span><span class="content">Design Goals</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-goals"></a></h3>
   <p>Because of the aforementioned reasons, it seems more prudent to take a "compiler intrinsic"/"magic function" approach. The function takes the form:</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>byte</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- n>consteval</c-> <c- n>span</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> 
  <c- n>string_view</c-> <c- n>resource_identifier</c->
<c- p>);</c->
</pre>
   <p><code class="highlight"><c- n>resource_identifier</c-></code> is a <code class="highlight"><c- n>string_view</c-></code> processed in an implementation-defined manner to find and pull resources into C++ at constexpr time. The most obvious source will be the file system, with the intention of having this evaluated as a core constant expression. We do not attempt to restrict the <code class="highlight"><c- n>string_view</c-></code> to a specific subset: whatever the implementation accepts (typically expected to be a relative or absolute file path, but can be other identification scheme), the implementation should use.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.3.1" id="design-goals-impldefn"><span class="secno">4.3.1. </span><span class="content">Implementation Defined</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-goals-impldefn"></a></h4>
   <p>Calls such as <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- s>"my_file.txt"</c-> <c- p>);</c-></code>, <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- s>"data.dll"</c-> <c- p>);</c-></code>, and <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>vertex</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- s>"vertices.bin"</c-> <c- p>);</c-></code> are meant to be evaluated in a <code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-></code> context (with "core constant expressions" only), where the behavior is implementation-defined. The function has unspecified behavior when evaluated in a non-constexpr context (with the expectation that the implementation will provide a failing diagnostic in these cases). This is similar to how include paths work, albeit <code class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-></code> interacts with the programmer through the preprocessor.</p>
   <p>There is precedent for specifying library features that are implemented only through compile-time compiler intrinsics (<code class="highlight"><c- n>type_traits</c-></code>, <code class="highlight"><c- n>source_location</c-></code>, and similar utilities). Core -- for other proposals such as <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-p0466r1">p0466r1 - Layout-compatibility and Pointer-interconvertibility Traits </a> -- indicated their preference in using a <code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-></code> magic function implemented by intrinsic in the standard library over some form of <code class="highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>X</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>thing</c-> <c- p>{</c-> <c- d>/* implementation specified */</c-> <c- n>value</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- p>};</c-></code> construct. However, it is important to note that <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-p0466r1">[p0466r1]</a> proposes type traits, where as this has entirely different functionality, and so its reception and opinions may be different.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.3.2" id="design-goals-binary"><span class="secno">4.3.2. </span><span class="content">Binary Only</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-goals-binary"></a></h4>
   <p>Creating two separate forms or options for loading data that is meant to be a "string" always fuels controversy and debate about what the resulting contents should be. The problem is sidestepped entirely by demanding that the resource loaded by <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-></code> represents the bytes exactly as they come from the resource. This prevents encoding confusion, conversion issues, and other pitfalls related to trying to match the user’s idea of "string" data or non-binary formats. Data is received exactly as it is from the resource as defined by the implementation, whether it is a supposed text file or otherwise. <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- s>"my_text_file.txt"</c-> <c- p>)</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- s>"my_binary_file.bin"</c-> <c- p>)</c-></code> behave exactly the same concerning their treatment of the resource.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.3.3" id="design-goals-constexpr"><span class="secno">4.3.3. </span><span class="content">Constexpr Compatibility</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-goals-constexpr"></a></h4>
   <p>The entire implementation must be usable in a <code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-></code> context. It is not just for the purposes of processing the data at compile time, but because it matches existing implementations that store strings and huge array literals into a variable via <code class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-></code>. These variables can be <code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-></code>: to not have a constexpr implementation is to leave many of the programmers who utilize this behavior without a proper standardized tool.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="4.3.4" id="design-goals-templated"><span class="secno">4.3.4. </span><span class="content">Statically Polymorphic</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-goals-templated"></a></h4>
   <p>While returning <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>byte</c-></code> is valuable, it is impossible to <code class="highlight"><c- k>reinterpret_cast</c-></code> or <code class="highlight"><c- n>bit_cast</c-></code> certain things at compile time. This makes it impossible in a <code class="highlight"><c- k>constexpr</c-></code> context to retrieve the actual data from a resource without tremendous boilerplate and work that every developer will have to do.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="5" id="wording"><span class="secno">5. </span><span class="content">Changes to the Standard</span><a class="self-link" href="#wording"></a></h2>
   <p>Wording changes are relative to <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-n4778">[n4778]</a>.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="5.1" id="wording-intent"><span class="secno">5.1. </span><span class="content">Intent</span><a class="self-link" href="#wording-intent"></a></h3>
   <p>The intent of the wording is to provide a function that:</p>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>handles the provided resource identifying <code class="highlight"><c- n>string_view</c-></code> in an implementation-defined manner;</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>and, returns the specified constexpr <code class="highlight"><c- n>span</c-></code> representing either the bytes of the resource or the bytes view as the type <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code>.</p>
   </ul>
   <p>The wording also explicitly disallows the usage of the function outside of a core constant expression by marking it <code class="highlight"><c- n>consteval</c-></code>, meaning it is ill-formed if it is attempted to be used at not-constexpr time (<code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-></code> calls should not show up as a function in the final executable or in generated code). The program may pin the data returned by <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>embed</c-></code> through the span into the executable if it is used outside a core constant expression.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="5.2" id="wording-feature"><span class="secno">5.2. </span><span class="content">Proposed Feature Test Macro</span><a class="self-link" href="#wording-feature"></a></h3>
   <p>The proposed feature test macro is <code class="highlight"><c- n>__cpp_lib_embed</c-></code>.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="5.3" id="wording-proposed"><span class="secno">5.3. </span><span class="content">Proposed Wording</span><a class="self-link" href="#wording-proposed"></a></h3>
   <p>Append to §16.3.1 General [<strong>support.limits.general</strong>]'s <strong>Table 35</strong> one additional entry:</p>
   <blockquote>
    <table>
     <tbody>
      <tr>
       <th>Macro name
       <th>Value
      <tr>
       <td>
        <ins>__cpp_lib_embed</ins>
       <td>
        <ins>201902L</ins>
    </table>
   </blockquote>
   <p>Append to §19.1 General [<strong>utilities.general</strong>]'s <strong>Table 38</strong> one additional entry:</p>
   <blockquote>
    <table>
     <tbody>
      <tr>
       <th>
       <th>Subclause
       <th>Header(s)
      <tr>
       <td>
        <ins>19.20</ins>
       <td>
        <ins>Compile-time Resources</ins>
       <td>
        <ins>&lt;embed></ins>
    </table>
   </blockquote>
   <p>Add a new section §19.20 Compile-time Resources [<strong>const.res</strong>]:</p>
   <blockquote>
    <ins>
      <strong>19.20 Compile-time Resources</strong> [<strong>const.res</strong>] 
     <p><strong>19.20.1</strong> In general [<strong>const.res.general</strong>]</p>
     <p>Compile-time resources allow the implementation to retrieve data into a program from implementation-defined sources.</p>
     <p><strong>19.20.2</strong> Header <code class="highlight"><c- n>embed</c-></code> synopsis [<strong>embed.syn</strong>]</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- k>namespace</c-> <c- n>std</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c->
	<c- n>consteval</c-> <c- n>span</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- n>string_view</c-> <c- n>resource_identifier</c-> <c- p>)</c-> <c- k>noexcept</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
     <p><strong>19.20.3</strong> Function template <code class="highlight"><c- n>embed</c-></code> [<strong>embed.embed</strong>]</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- k>namespace</c-> <c- n>std</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>byte</c-><c- o>></c->
	<c- n>consteval</c-> <c- n>span</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>embed</c-><c- p>(</c-> <c- n>string_view</c-> <c- n>resource_identifier</c-> <c- p>)</c-> <c- k>noexcept</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
     <p><sup>1</sup> Constraints: <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code> shall satisfy <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>is_trivial_v</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>T</c-><c- o>></c-></code>. [<i>Note—</i> This constraint ensures that types with non-trivial destructors do not need to be run for the compiler-provided unknown storage. <i>— end Note</i>].</p>
     <p><sup>2</sup> Returns: A contiguous sequence of <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code> representing the resource provided by the implementation.</p>
     <p><sup>3</sup> Remarks: Accepts a <code class="highlight"><c- n>string_view</c-></code> whose value is used to search a sequence of implementation-defined places for a resource identified uniquely by the resource identifier specified by the <code class="highlight"><c- n>string_view</c-></code> argument. The entire contents are made available as a contiguous sequence of <code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code> in the returned <code class="highlight"><c- n>span</c-></code>. If the implementation cannot find the resource specified after exhausting the sequence of implementation-defined search locations, the implementation shall error. [<i>Note—</i> Implementations should provide a mechanism similar to include paths to find the specified resource. <i>— end Note</i>]</p>
    </ins>
   </blockquote>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="6" id="appendix"><span class="secno">6. </span><span class="content">Appendix</span><a class="self-link" href="#appendix"></a></h2>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="6.1" id="appendix-sadness"><span class="secno">6.1. </span><span class="content">Sadness</span><a class="self-link" href="#appendix-sadness"></a></h3>
   <p>Other techniques used include pre-processing data, link-time based tooling, and assembly-time runtime loading. They are detailed below, for a complete picture of today’s sad landscape of options.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="6.1.1" id="appendix-tools"><span class="secno">6.1.1. </span><span class="content">Pre-Processing Tools Sadness</span><a class="self-link" href="#appendix-tools"></a></h4>
   <ol>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Run the tool over the data (<code class="highlight"><c- n>xxd</c-> <c- o>-</c-><c- n>i</c-> <c- n>xxd_data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>bin</c-> <c- o>></c-> <c- n>xxd_data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>h</c-></code>) to obtain the generated file (<code class="highlight"><c- n>xxd_data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>h</c-></code>):</p>
   </ol>
<pre class="highlight"><c- b>unsigned</c-> <c- b>char</c-> <c- n>xxd_data_bin</c-><c- p>[]</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- mh>0x48</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x65</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x6c</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x6c</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x6f</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x2c</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x20</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x57</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x6f</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x72</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x6c</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mh>0x64</c-><c- p>,</c->
  <c- mh>0x0a</c->
<c- p>};</c->
<c- b>unsigned</c-> <c- b>int</c-> <c- n>xxd_data_bin_len</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>13</c-><c- p>;</c->
</pre>
   <ol start="2">
    <li data-md>
     <p>Compile <code class="highlight"><c- n>main</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>cpp</c-></code>:</p>
   </ol>
<pre class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;iostream>
<c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;string_view>

<c- c1>// prefix as constexpr,</c->
<c- c1>// even if it generates some warnings in g++/clang++</c->
<c- k>constexpr</c->
<c- cp>#include</c-> "xxd_data.h"
<c- p>;</c->

<c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>typename</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> <c- n>N</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- k>constexpr</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> <c- n>array_size</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>T</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-><c- p>)[</c-><c- n>N</c-><c- p>])</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>return</c-> <c- n>N</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->

<c- b>int</c-> <c- n>main</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- p>{</c->
    <c- k>static_assert</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>xxd_data_bin</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- sc>'H'</c-><c- p>);</c->
    <c- k>static_assert</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>array_size</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>xxd_data_bin</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- mi>13</c-><c- p>);</c->

    <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>string_view</c-> <c- n>data_view</c-><c- p>(</c->
        <c- k>reinterpret_cast</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- b>char</c-><c- o>*></c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>xxd_data_bin</c-><c- p>),</c->
        <c- n>array_size</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>xxd_data_bin</c-><c- p>));</c->
    <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>cout</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>data_view</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>endl</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- c1>// Hello, World!</c->
    <c- k>return</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>Others still use python or other small scripting languages as part of their build process, outputting data in the exact C++ format that they require.</p>
   <p>There are problems with the <code class="highlight"><c- n>xxd</c-> <c- o>-</c-><c- n>i</c-></code> or similar tool-based approach. Lexing and Parsing data-as-source-code adds an enormous overhead to actually reading and making that data available.</p>
   <p>Binary data as C(++) arrays provide the overhead of having to comma-delimit every single byte present, it also requires that the compiler verify every entry in that array is a valid literal or entry according to the C++ language.</p>
   <p>This scales poorly with larger files, and build times suffer for any non-trivial binary file, especially when it scales into Megabytes in size (e.g., firmware and similar).</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="6.1.2" id="appendix-mongo"><span class="secno">6.1.2. </span><span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>python</c-></code> Sadness</span><a class="self-link" href="#appendix-mongo"></a></h4>
   <p>Other companies are forced to create their own ad-hoc tools to embed data and files into their C++ code. MongoDB uses a <a href="https://github.com/mongodb/mongo/blob/master/site_scons/site_tools/jstoh.py">custom python script</a>, just to get their data into C++:</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- n>import</c-> <c- n>os</c->
<c- n>import</c-> <c- n>sys</c->

<c- n>def</c-> <c- nf>jsToHeader</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>target</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>source</c-><c- p>)</c-><c- o>:</c->
    <c- n>outFile</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>target</c->
    <c- n>h</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- p>[</c->
        '#<c- n>include</c-> <c- s>"mongo/base/string_data.h"</c->'<c- p>,</c->
        '#<c- n>include</c-> <c- s>"mongo/scripting/engine.h"</c->'<c- p>,</c->
        '<c- k>namespace</c-> <c- n>mongo</c-> <c- p>{</c->'<c- p>,</c->
        '<c- k>namespace</c-> <c- n>JSFiles</c-><c- p>{</c->'<c- p>,</c->
    <c- p>]</c->
    <c- n>def</c-> <c- n>lineToChars</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>s</c-><c- p>)</c-><c- o>:</c->
        <c- k>return</c-> <c- sc>','</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>join</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>str</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>ord</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>c</c-><c- p>))</c-> <c- k>for</c-> <c- n>c</c-> <c- n>in</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- n>s</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>rstrip</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- o>+</c-> <c- sc>'\n'</c-><c- p>))</c-> <c- o>+</c-> <c- sc>','</c->
    <c- k>for</c-> <c- n>s</c-> <c- n>in</c-> <c- nl>source</c-><c- p>:</c->
        <c- n>filename</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>str</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>s</c-><c- p>)</c->
        <c- n>objname</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>os</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>path</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>split</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>filename</c-><c- p>)[</c-><c- mi>1</c-><c- p>].</c-><c- n>split</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- sc>'.'</c-><c- p>)[</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>]</c->
        <c- n>stringname</c-> <c- o>=</c-> '<c- n>_jscode_raw_</c->' <c- o>+</c-> <c- n>objname</c->

        <c- n>h</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>append</c-><c- p>(</c->'<c- k>constexpr</c-> <c- b>char</c-> ' <c- o>+</c-> <c- n>stringname</c-> <c- o>+</c-> <c- s>"[] = {"</c-><c- p>)</c->

        <c- n>with</c-> <c- n>open</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>filename</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- sc>'r'</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- n>as</c-> <c- nl>f</c-><c- p>:</c->
            <c- k>for</c-> <c- n>line</c-> <c- n>in</c-> <c- nl>f</c-><c- p>:</c->
                <c- n>h</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>append</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>lineToChars</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>line</c-><c- p>))</c->

        <c- n>h</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>append</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- s>"0};"</c-><c- p>)</c->
        <c- cp># symbols aren’t exported w/o this</c->
        <c- n>h</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>append</c-><c- p>(</c->'<c- k>extern</c-> <c- k>const</c-> <c- n>JSFile</c-> <c- o>%</c-><c- n>s</c-><c- p>;</c->' <c- o>%</c-> <c- n>objname</c-><c- p>)</c->
        <c- n>h</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>append</c-><c- p>(</c->'<c- k>const</c-> <c- n>JSFile</c-> <c- o>%</c-><c- n>s</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- p>{</c-> <c- s>"%s"</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>StringData</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- o>%</c-><c- n>s</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- k>sizeof</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- o>%</c-><c- n>s</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- o>-</c-> <c- mi>1</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>};</c->' <c- o>%</c->
                 <c- p>(</c-><c- n>objname</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>filename</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>replace</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- sc>'\\'</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- sc>'/'</c-><c- p>),</c-> <c- n>stringname</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>stringname</c-><c- p>))</c->

    <c- n>h</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>append</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- s>"} // namespace JSFiles"</c-><c- p>)</c->
    <c- n>h</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>append</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- s>"} // namespace mongo"</c-><c- p>)</c->
    <c- n>h</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>append</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- s>""</c-><c- p>)</c->

    <c- n>text</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- sc>'\n'</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>join</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>h</c-><c- p>)</c->

    <c- n>with</c-> <c- n>open</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>outFile</c-><c- p>,</c-> '<c- n>wb</c->'<c- p>)</c-> <c- n>as</c-> <c- nl>out</c-><c- p>:</c->
        <c- k>try</c-><c- o>:</c->
            <c- n>out</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>write</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>text</c-><c- p>)</c->
        <c- nl>finally</c-><c- p>:</c->
            <c- n>out</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>close</c-><c- p>()</c->


<c- k>if</c-> <c- n>__name__</c-> <c- o>==</c-> <c- s>"__main__"</c-><c- o>:</c->
    <c- k>if</c-> <c- n>len</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>sys</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>argv</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- mi>3</c-><c- o>:</c->
        <c- n>print</c-> <c- s>"Must specify [target] [source] "</c->
        <c- n>sys</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>exit</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>1</c-><c- p>)</c->
    <c- n>jsToHeader</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>sys</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>argv</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>1</c-><c- p>],</c-> <c- n>sys</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>argv</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- mi>2</c-><c- o>:</c-><c- p>])</c->
</pre>
   <p>MongoDB were brave enough to share their code with me and make public the things they have to do: other companies have shared many similar concerns, but do not have the same bravery. We thank MongoDB for sharing.</p>
   <h4 class="heading settled" data-level="6.1.3" id="appendix-ld"><span class="secno">6.1.3. </span><span class="content"><code class="highlight"><c- n>ld</c-></code> Sadness</span><a class="self-link" href="#appendix-ld"></a></h4>
   <p>A full, compilable example (except on Visual C++):</p>
   <ol start="0">
    <li data-md>
     <p>Have a file ld_data.bin with the contents <code class="highlight"><c- n>Hello</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>World</c-><c- o>!</c-></code>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Run <code class="highlight"><c- n>ld</c-> <c- o>-</c-><c- n>r</c-> <c- n>binary</c-> <c- o>-</c-><c- n>o</c-> <c- n>ld_data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>o</c-> <c- n>ld_data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>bin</c-></code>.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Compile the following <code class="highlight"><c- n>main</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>cpp</c-></code> with <code class="highlight"><c- n>c</c-><c- o>++</c-> <c- o>-</c-><c- n>std</c-><c- o>=</c-><c- n>c</c-><c- o>++</c-><c- mi>17</c-> <c- n>ld_data</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>o</c-> <c- n>main</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>cpp</c-></code>:</p>
   </ol>
<pre class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;iostream>
<c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;string_view>

<c- cp>#ifdef __APPLE__</c->
<c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;mach-o/getsect.h>

<c- cp>#define DECLARE_LD(NAME) extern const unsigned char _section$__DATA__##NAME[];</c->
<c- cp>#define LD_NAME(NAME) _section$__DATA__##NAME</c->
<c- cp>#define LD_SIZE(NAME) (getsectbyname("__DATA", "__" #NAME)->size)</c->

<c- cp>#elif (defined __MINGW32__) </c-><c- d>/* mingw */</c->

<c- cp>#define DECLARE_LD(NAME)                                 \</c->
<c- cp>  extern const unsigned char binary_##NAME##_start[]; \</c->
<c- cp>  extern const unsigned char binary_##NAME##_end[];</c->
<c- cp>#define LD_NAME(NAME) binary_##NAME##_start</c->
<c- cp>#define LD_SIZE(NAME) ((binary_##NAME##_end) - (binary_##NAME##_start))</c->

<c- cp>#else </c-><c- d>/* gnu/linux ld */</c->

<c- cp>#define DECLARE_LD(NAME)                                  \</c->
<c- cp>  extern const unsigned char _binary_##NAME##_start[]; \</c->
<c- cp>  extern const unsigned char _binary_##NAME##_end[];</c->
<c- cp>#define LD_NAME(NAME) _binary_##NAME##_start</c->
<c- cp>#define LD_SIZE(NAME) ((_binary_##NAME##_end) - (_binary_##NAME##_start))</c->
<c- cp>#endif</c->

<c- n>DECLARE_LD</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>ld_data_bin</c-><c- p>);</c->

<c- b>int</c-> <c- nf>main</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- p>{</c->
  <c- c1>// impossible</c->
  <c- c1>//static_assert(xxd_data_bin[0] == 'H');</c->
  <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>string_view</c-> <c- n>data_view</c-><c- p>(</c->
    <c- k>reinterpret_cast</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- b>char</c-><c- o>*></c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>LD_NAME</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>ld_data_bin</c-><c- p>)),</c-> 
    <c- n>LD_SIZE</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>ld_data_bin</c-><c- p>)</c->
  <c- p>);</c->
  <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>cout</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>data_view</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>endl</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- c1>// Hello, World!</c->
  <c- k>return</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>This scales a little bit better in terms of raw compilation time but is shockingly OS, vendor and platform specific in ways that novice developers would not be able to handle fully. The macros are required to erase differences, lest subtle differences in name will destroy one’s ability to use these macros effectively. We ommitted the code for handling VC++ resource files because it is excessively verbose than what is present here.</p>
   <p>N.B.: Because these declarations are <code class="highlight"><c- k>extern</c-></code>, the values in the array cannot be accessed at compilation/translation-time.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="7" id="acknowledgements"><span class="secno">7. </span><span class="content">Acknowledgements</span><a class="self-link" href="#acknowledgements"></a></h2>
   <p>A big thank you to Andrew Tomazos for replying to the author’s e-mails about the prior art. Thank you to Arthur O’Dwyer for providing the author with incredible insight into the Committee’s previous process for how they interpreted the Prior Art.</p>
   <p>A special thank you to Agustín Bergé for encouraging the author to talk to the creator of the Prior Art and getting started on this. Thank you to Tom Honermann for direction and insight on how to write a paper and apply for a proposal.</p>
   <p>Thank you to Arvid Gerstmann for helping the author understand and use the link-time tools.</p>
   <p>Thank you to Tony Van Eerd for valuable advice in improving the main text of this paper.</p>
   <p>Thank you to Lilly (Cpplang Slack, @lillypad) for the valuable bikeshed and hole-poking in original designs, alongside Ben Craig who very thoroughly explained his woes when trying to embed large firmware images into a C++ program for deployment into production.</p>
   <p>For all this hard work, it is the author’s hope to carry this into C++. It would be the author’s distinct honor to make development cycles easier and better with the programming language we work in and love. ♥</p>
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  <h2 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="references"><span class="content">References</span><a class="self-link" href="#references"></a></h2>
  <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content">Informative References</span><a class="self-link" href="#informative"></a></h3>
  <dl>
   <dt id="biblio-constexpr-all-the-things">[CONSTEXPR-ALL-THE-THINGS]
   <dd>Ben Deane; Jason Turner. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJwd4JLYJJY">constexpr All The Things: CppCon 2017</a>. September 25th, 2017. URL: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJwd4JLYJJY">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PJwd4JLYJJY</a>
   <dt id="biblio-incbin">[INCBIN]
   <dd>Dale Weiler (graphitemaster). <a href="https://github.com/graphitemaster/incbin">incbin: load files at 'assembly' time</a>. URL: <a href="https://github.com/graphitemaster/incbin">https://github.com/graphitemaster/incbin</a>
   <dt id="biblio-n4778">[N4778]
   <dd>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 - The C++ Standards Committee; Richard Smith. <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4778.pdf">N4778 - Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++</a>. November 26th, 2018. URL: <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4778.pdf">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4778.pdf</a>
   <dt id="biblio-nonius-visual-c-error">[NONIUS-VISUAL-C-ERROR]
   <dd>R. Martinho Fernandes. <a href="https://github.com/libnonius/nonius/blob/devel/include/nonius/reporters/html_reporter.h%2B%2B#L42">nonius generated HTML Reporter</a>. September 1st, 2016. URL: <a href="https://github.com/libnonius/nonius/blob/devel/include/nonius/reporters/html_reporter.h%2B%2B#L42">https://github.com/libnonius/nonius/blob/devel/include/nonius/reporters/html_reporter.h%2B%2B#L42</a>
   <dt id="biblio-p0373r0">[P0373R0]
   <dd>Andrew Tomazos. <a href="https://wg21.link/p0373r0">Proposal of File Literals</a>. 21 May 2016. URL: <a href="https://wg21.link/p0373r0">https://wg21.link/p0373r0</a>
   <dt id="biblio-p0466r1">[P0466R1]
   <dd>Lisa Lippincott. <a href="https://wg21.link/p0466r1">Layout-compatibility and Pointer-interconvertibility Traits</a>. 12 February 2018. URL: <a href="https://wg21.link/p0466r1">https://wg21.link/p0466r1</a>
   <dt id="biblio-p1130">[P1130]
   <dd>JeanHeyd Meneide. <a href="https://thephd.github.io/vendor/future_cxx/papers/d1130.html">Module Resource Requirement Propagation</a>. November 26th, 2018. URL: <a href="https://thephd.github.io/vendor/future_cxx/papers/d1130.html">https://thephd.github.io/vendor/future_cxx/papers/d1130.html</a>
  </dl>