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  <title>P0330R8: Literal Suffix for (signed) size_t</title>
<style data-fill-with="stylesheet">/******************************************************************************
 *                   Style sheet for the W3C specifications                   *
 *
 * Special classes handled by this style sheet include:
 *
 * Indices
 *   - .toc for the Table of Contents (<ol class="toc">)
 *     + <span class="secno"> for the section numbers
 *   - #toc for the Table of Contents (<nav id="toc">)
 *   - ul.index for Indices (<a href="#ref">term</a><span>, in §N.M</span>)
 *   - table.index for Index Tables (e.g. for properties or elements)
 *
 * Structural Markup
 *   - table.data for general data tables
 *     -> use 'scope' attribute, <colgroup>, <thead>, and <tbody> for best results !
 *     -> use <table class='complex data'> for extra-complex tables
 *     -> use <td class='long'> for paragraph-length cell content
 *     -> use <td class='pre'> when manual line breaks/indentation would help readability
 *   - dl.switch for switch statements
 *   - ol.algorithm for algorithms (helps to visualize nesting)
 *   - .figure and .caption (HTML4) and figure and figcaption (HTML5)
 *     -> .sidefigure for right-floated figures
 *   - ins/del
 *
 * Code
 *   - pre and code
 *
 * Special Sections
 *   - .note       for informative notes             (div, p, span, aside, details)
 *   - .example    for informative examples          (div, p, pre, span)
 *   - .issue      for issues                        (div, p, span)
 *   - .assertion  for assertions                    (div, p, span)
 *   - .advisement for loud normative statements     (div, p, strong)
 *   - .annoying-warning for spec obsoletion notices (div, aside, details)
 *
 * Definition Boxes
 *   - pre.def   for WebIDL definitions
 *   - table.def for tables that define other entities (e.g. CSS properties)
 *   - dl.def    for definition lists that define other entitles (e.g. HTML elements)
 *
 * Numbering
 *   - .secno for section numbers in .toc and headings (<span class='secno'>3.2</span>)
 *   - .marker for source-inserted example/figure/issue numbers (<span class='marker'>Issue 4</span>)
 *   - ::before styled for CSS-generated issue/example/figure numbers:
 *     -> Documents wishing to use this only need to add
 *        figcaption::before,
 *        .caption::before { content: "Figure "  counter(figure) " ";  }
 *        .example::before { content: "Example " counter(example) " "; }
 *        .issue::before   { content: "Issue "   counter(issue) " ";   }
 *
 * Header Stuff (ignore, just don't conflict with these classes)
 *   - .head for the header
 *   - .copyright for the copyright
 *
 * Miscellaneous
 *   - .overlarge for things that should be as wide as possible, even if
 *     that overflows the body text area. This can be used on an item or
 *     on its container, depending on the effect desired.
 *     Note that this styling basically doesn't help at all when printing,
 *     since A4 paper isn't much wider than the max-width here.
 *     It's better to design things to fit into a narrower measure if possible.
 *   - js-added ToC jump links (see fixup.js)
 *
 ******************************************************************************/

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                   Body                                     */
/******************************************************************************/

	body {
		counter-reset: example figure issue;

		/* Layout */
		max-width: 50em;               /* limit line length to 50em for readability   */
		margin: 0 auto;                /* center text within page                     */
		padding: 1.6em 1.5em 2em 50px; /* assume 16px font size for downlevel clients */
		padding: 1.6em 1.5em 2em calc(26px + 1.5em); /* leave space for status flag     */

		/* Typography */
		line-height: 1.5;
		font-family: sans-serif;
		widows: 2;
		orphans: 2;
		word-wrap: break-word;
		overflow-wrap: break-word;
		hyphens: auto;

		/* Colors */
		color: black;
		background: white top left fixed no-repeat;
		background-size: 25px auto;
	}


/******************************************************************************/
/*                         Front Matter & Navigation                          */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Header ********************************************************************/

	div.head { margin-bottom: 1em }
	div.head hr { border-style: solid; }

	div.head h1 {
		font-weight: bold;
		margin: 0 0 .1em;
		font-size: 220%;
	}

	div.head h2 { margin-bottom: 1.5em;}

/** W3C Logo ******************************************************************/

	.head .logo {
		float: right;
		margin: 0.4rem 0 0.2rem .4rem;
	}

	.head img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		display: block;
		border: solid #1a5e9a;
		border-width: .65rem .7rem .6rem;
		border-radius: .4rem;
		background: #1a5e9a;
		color: white;
		font-weight: bold;
	}

	.head a:hover > img[src*="logos/W3C"],
	.head a:focus > img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		opacity: .8;
	}

	.head a:active > img[src*="logos/W3C"] {
		background: #c00;
		border-color: #c00;
	}

	/* see also additional rules in Link Styling section */

/** Copyright *****************************************************************/

	p.copyright,
	p.copyright small { font-size: small }

/** Back to Top / ToC Toggle **************************************************/

	@media print {
		#toc-nav {
			display: none;
		}
	}
	@media not print {
		#toc-nav {
			position: fixed;
			z-index: 2;
			bottom: 0; left: 0;
			margin: 0;
			min-width: 1.33em;
			border-top-right-radius: 2rem;
			box-shadow: 0 0 2px;
			font-size: 1.5em;
			color: black;
		}
		#toc-nav > a {
			display: block;
			white-space: nowrap;

			height: 1.33em;
			padding: .1em 0.3em;
			margin: 0;

			background: white;
			box-shadow: 0 0 2px;
			border: none;
			border-top-right-radius: 1.33em;
			background: white;
		}
		#toc-nav > #toc-jump {
			padding-bottom: 2em;
			margin-bottom: -1.9em;
		}

		#toc-nav > a:hover,
		#toc-nav > a:focus {
			background: #f8f8f8;
		}
		#toc-nav > a:not(:hover):not(:focus) {
			color: #707070;
		}

		/* statusbar gets in the way on keyboard focus; remove once browsers fix */
		#toc-nav > a[href="#toc"]:not(:hover):focus:last-child {
			padding-bottom: 1.5rem;
		}

		#toc-nav:not(:hover) > a:not(:focus) > span + span {
			/* Ideally this uses :focus-within on #toc-nav */
			display: none;
		}
		#toc-nav > a > span + span {
			padding-right: 0.2em;
		}

		#toc-toggle-inline {
			vertical-align: 0.05em;
			font-size: 80%;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
			border-style: none;
			background: transparent;
			position: relative;
		}
		#toc-toggle-inline:hover:not(:active),
		#toc-toggle-inline:focus:not(:active) {
			text-shadow: 1px 1px silver;
			top: -1px;
			left: -1px;
		}

		#toc-nav :active {
			color: #C00;
		}
	}

/** ToC Sidebar ***************************************************************/

	/* Floating sidebar */
	@media screen {
		body.toc-sidebar #toc {
			position: fixed;
			top: 0; bottom: 0;
			left: 0;
			width: 23.5em;
			max-width: 80%;
			max-width: calc(100% - 2em - 26px);
			overflow: auto;
			padding: 0 1em;
			padding-left: 42px;
			padding-left: calc(1em + 26px);
			background: inherit;
			background-color: #f7f8f9;
			z-index: 1;
			box-shadow: -.1em 0 .25em rgba(0,0,0,.1) inset;
		}
		body.toc-sidebar #toc h2 {
			margin-top: .8rem;
			font-variant: small-caps;
			font-variant: all-small-caps;
			text-transform: lowercase;
			font-weight: bold;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
		}
		body.toc-sidebar #toc-jump:not(:focus) {
			width: 0;
			height: 0;
			padding: 0;
			position: absolute;
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}
	/* Hide main scroller when only the ToC is visible anyway */
	@media screen and (max-width: 28em) {
		body.toc-sidebar {
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}

	/* Sidebar with its own space */
	@media screen and (min-width: 78em) {
		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc {
			position: fixed;
			top: 0; bottom: 0;
			left: 0;
			width: 23.5em;
			overflow: auto;
			padding: 0 1em;
			padding-left: 42px;
			padding-left: calc(1em + 26px);
			background: inherit;
			background-color: #f7f8f9;
			z-index: 1;
			box-shadow: -.1em 0 .25em rgba(0,0,0,.1) inset;
		}
		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc h2 {
			margin-top: .8rem;
			font-variant: small-caps;
			font-variant: all-small-caps;
			text-transform: lowercase;
			font-weight: bold;
			color: gray;
			color: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
		}

		body:not(.toc-inline) {
			padding-left: 29em;
		}
		/* See also Overflow section at the bottom */

		body:not(.toc-inline) #toc-jump:not(:focus) {
			width: 0;
			height: 0;
			padding: 0;
			position: absolute;
			overflow: hidden;
		}
	}
	@media screen and (min-width: 90em) {
		body:not(.toc-inline) {
			margin: 0 4em;
		}
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                Sectioning                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Headings ******************************************************************/

	h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, dt {
		page-break-after: avoid;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		font: 100% sans-serif;   /* Reset all font styling to clear out UA styles */
		font-family: inherit;    /* Inherit the font family. */
		line-height: 1.2;        /* Keep wrapped headings compact */
		hyphens: manual;         /* Hyphenated headings look weird */
	}

	h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
		margin-top: 3rem;
	}

	h1, h2, h3 {
		color: #005A9C;
		background: transparent;
	}

	h1 { font-size: 170%; }
	h2 { font-size: 140%; }
	h3 { font-size: 120%; }
	h4 { font-weight: bold; }
	h5 { font-style: italic; }
	h6 { font-variant: small-caps; }
	dt { font-weight: bold; }

/** Subheadings ***************************************************************/

	h1 + h2,
	#subtitle {
		/* #subtitle is a subtitle in an H2 under the H1 */
		margin-top: 0;
	}
	h2 + h3,
	h3 + h4,
	h4 + h5,
	h5 + h6 {
		margin-top: 1.2em; /* = 1 x line-height */
	}

/** Section divider ***********************************************************/

	:not(.head) > hr {
		font-size: 1.5em;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 1em auto;
		height: auto;
		border: transparent solid 0;
		background: transparent;
	}
	:not(.head) > hr::before {
		content: "\2727\2003\2003\2727\2003\2003\2727";
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                            Paragraphs and Lists                            */
/******************************************************************************/

	p {
		margin: 1em 0;
	}

	dd > p:first-child,
	li > p:first-child {
		margin-top: 0;
	}

	ul, ol {
		margin-left: 0;
		padding-left: 2em;
	}

	li {
		margin: 0.25em 0 0.5em;
		padding: 0;
	}

	dl dd {
		margin: 0 0 .5em 2em;
	}

	.head dd + dd { /* compact for header */
		margin-top: -.5em;
	}

	/* Style for algorithms */
	ol.algorithm ol:not(.algorithm),
	.algorithm > ol ol:not(.algorithm) {
	 border-left: 0.5em solid #DEF;
	}

	/* Put nice boxes around each algorithm. */
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) {
	  padding: .5em;
	  border: thin solid #ddd; border-radius: .5em;
	  margin: .5em calc(-0.5em - 1px);
	}
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) > :first-child {
	  margin-top: 0;
	}
	[data-algorithm]:not(.heading) > :last-child {
	  margin-bottom: 0;
	}

	/* Style for switch/case <dl>s */
	dl.switch > dd > ol.only,
	dl.switch > dd > .only > ol {
	 margin-left: 0;
	}
	dl.switch > dd > ol.algorithm,
	dl.switch > dd > .algorithm > ol {
	 margin-left: -2em;
	}
	dl.switch {
	 padding-left: 2em;
	}
	dl.switch > dt {
	 text-indent: -1.5em;
	 margin-top: 1em;
	}
	dl.switch > dt + dt {
	 margin-top: 0;
	}
	dl.switch > dt::before {
	 content: '\21AA';
	 padding: 0 0.5em 0 0;
	 display: inline-block;
	 width: 1em;
	 text-align: right;
	 line-height: 0.5em;
	}

/** Terminology Markup ********************************************************/


/******************************************************************************/
/*                                 Inline Markup                              */
/******************************************************************************/

/** Terminology Markup ********************************************************/
	dfn   { /* Defining instance */
		font-weight: bolder;
	}
	a > i { /* Instance of term */
		font-style: normal;
	}
	dt dfn code, code.idl {
		font-size: medium;
	}
	dfn var {
		font-style: normal;
	}

/** Change Marking ************************************************************/

	del { color: red;  text-decoration: line-through; }
	ins { color: #080; text-decoration: underline;    }

/** Miscellaneous improvements to inline formatting ***************************/

	sup {
		vertical-align: super;
		font-size: 80%
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Code                                    */
/******************************************************************************/

/** General monospace/pre rules ***********************************************/

	pre, code, samp {
		font-family: Menlo, Consolas, "DejaVu Sans Mono", Monaco, monospace;
		font-size: .9em;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		hyphens: none;
		text-transform: none;
	}
	pre code,
	code code {
		font-size: 100%;
	}

	pre {
		margin-top: 1em;
		margin-bottom: 1em;
		overflow: auto;
	}

/** Inline Code fragments *****************************************************/

  /* Do something nice. */

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Links                                   */
/******************************************************************************/

/** General Hyperlinks ********************************************************/

	/* We hyperlink a lot, so make it less intrusive */
	a[href] {
		color: #034575;
		text-decoration: none;
		border-bottom: 1px solid #707070;
		/* Need a bit of extending for it to look okay */
		padding: 0 1px 0;
		margin: 0 -1px 0;
	}
	a:visited {
		border-bottom-color: #BBB;
	}

	/* Use distinguishing colors when user is interacting with the link */
	a[href]:focus,
	a[href]:hover {
		background: #f8f8f8;
		background: rgba(75%, 75%, 75%, .25);
		border-bottom-width: 3px;
		margin-bottom: -2px;
	}
	a[href]:active {
		color: #C00;
		border-color: #C00;
	}

	/* Backout above styling for W3C logo */
	.head .logo,
	.head .logo a {
		border: none;
		text-decoration: none;
		background: transparent;
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Images                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	img {
		border-style: none;
	}

	/* For autogen numbers, add
	   .caption::before, figcaption::before { content: "Figure " counter(figure) ". "; }
	*/

	figure, .figure, .sidefigure {
		page-break-inside: avoid;
		text-align: center;
		margin: 2.5em 0;
	}
	.figure img,    .sidefigure img,    figure img,
	.figure object, .sidefigure object, figure object {
		max-width: 100%;
		margin: auto;
	}
	.figure pre, .sidefigure pre, figure pre {
		text-align: left;
		display: table;
		margin: 1em auto;
	}
	.figure table, figure table {
		margin: auto;
	}
	@media screen and (min-width: 20em) {
		.sidefigure {
			float: right;
			width: 50%;
			margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em
		}
	}
	.caption, figcaption, caption {
		font-style: italic;
		font-size: 90%;
	}
	.caption::before, figcaption::before, figcaption > .marker {
		font-weight: bold;
	}
	.caption, figcaption {
		counter-increment: figure;
	}

	/* DL list is indented 2em, but figure inside it is not */
	dd > .figure, dd > figure { margin-left: -2em }

/******************************************************************************/
/*                             Colored Boxes                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	.issue, .note, .example, .assertion, .advisement, blockquote {
		padding: .5em;
		border: .5em;
		border-left-style: solid;
		page-break-inside: avoid;
	}
	span.issue, span.note {
		padding: .1em .5em .15em;
		border-right-style: solid;
	}

	.issue,
	.note,
	.example,
	.advisement,
	.assertion,
	blockquote {
		margin: 1em auto;
	}
	.note  > p:first-child,
	.issue > p:first-child,
	blockquote > :first-child {
		margin-top: 0;
	}
	blockquote > :last-child {
		margin-bottom: 0;
	}

/** Blockquotes ***************************************************************/

	blockquote {
		border-color: silver;
	}

/** Open issue ****************************************************************/

	.issue {
		border-color: #E05252;
		background: #FBE9E9;
		counter-increment: issue;
		overflow: auto;
	}
	.issue::before, .issue > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		color: #AE1E1E;
		padding-right: 1em;
		text-transform: uppercase;
	}
	/* Add .issue::before { content: "Issue " counter(issue) " "; } for autogen numbers,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the issue number in source. */

/** Example *******************************************************************/

	.example {
		border-color: #E0CB52;
		background: #FCFAEE;
		counter-increment: example;
		overflow: auto;
		clear: both;
	}
	.example::before, .example > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		color: #827017;
		min-width: 7.5em;
		display: block;
	}
	/* Add .example::before { content: "Example " counter(example) " "; } for autogen numbers,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the example number in source. */

/** Non-normative Note ********************************************************/

	.note {
		border-color: #52E052;
		background: #E9FBE9;
		overflow: auto;
	}

	.note::before, .note > .marker,
	details.note > summary::before,
	details.note > summary > .marker {
		text-transform: uppercase;
		display: block;
		color: hsl(120, 70%, 30%);
	}
	/* Add .note::before { content: "Note"; } for autogen label,
	   or use class="marker" to mark up the label in source. */

	details.note > summary {
		display: block;
		color: hsl(120, 70%, 30%);
	}
	details.note[open] > summary {
		border-bottom: 1px silver solid;
	}

/** Assertion Box *************************************************************/
	/*  for assertions in algorithms */

	.assertion {
		border-color: #AAA;
		background: #EEE;
	}

/** Advisement Box ************************************************************/
	/*  for attention-grabbing normative statements */

	.advisement {
		border-color: orange;
		border-style: none solid;
		background: #FFEECC;
	}
	strong.advisement {
		display: block;
		text-align: center;
	}
	.advisement > .marker {
		color: #B35F00;
	}

/** Spec Obsoletion Notice ****************************************************/
	/* obnoxious obsoletion notice for older/abandoned specs. */

	details {
		display: block;
	}
	summary {
		font-weight: bolder;
	}

	.annoying-warning:not(details),
	details.annoying-warning:not([open]) > summary,
	details.annoying-warning[open] {
		background: #fdd;
		color: red;
		font-weight: bold;
		padding: .75em 1em;
		border: thick red;
		border-style: solid;
		border-radius: 1em;
	}
	.annoying-warning :last-child {
		margin-bottom: 0;
	}

@media not print {
	details.annoying-warning[open] {
		position: fixed;
		left: 1em;
		right: 1em;
		bottom: 1em;
		z-index: 1000;
	}
}

	details.annoying-warning:not([open]) > summary {
		text-align: center;
	}

/** Entity Definition Boxes ***************************************************/

	.def {
		padding: .5em 1em;
		background: #DEF;
		margin: 1.2em 0;
		border-left: 0.5em solid #8CCBF2;
	}

/******************************************************************************/
/*                                    Tables                                  */
/******************************************************************************/

	th, td {
		text-align: left;
		text-align: start;
	}

/** Property/Descriptor Definition Tables *************************************/

	table.def {
		/* inherits .def box styling, see above */
		width: 100%;
		border-spacing: 0;
	}

	table.def td,
	table.def th {
		padding: 0.5em;
		vertical-align: baseline;
		border-bottom: 1px solid #bbd7e9;
	}

	table.def > tbody > tr:last-child th,
	table.def > tbody > tr:last-child td {
		border-bottom: 0;
	}

	table.def th {
		font-style: italic;
		font-weight: normal;
		padding-left: 1em;
		width: 3em;
	}

	/* For when values are extra-complex and need formatting for readability */
	table td.pre {
		white-space: pre-wrap;
	}

	/* A footnote at the bottom of a def table */
	table.def           td.footnote {
		padding-top: 0.6em;
	}
	table.def           td.footnote::before {
		content: " ";
		display: block;
		height: 0.6em;
		width: 4em;
		border-top: thin solid;
	}

/** Data tables (and properly marked-up index tables) *************************/
	/*
		 <table class="data"> highlights structural relationships in a table
		 when correct markup is used (e.g. thead/tbody, th vs. td, scope attribute)

		 Use class="complex data" for particularly complicated tables --
		 (This will draw more lines: busier, but clearer.)

		 Use class="long" on table cells with paragraph-like contents
		 (This will adjust text alignment accordingly.)
		 Alternately use class="longlastcol" on tables, to have the last column assume "long".
	*/

	table {
		word-wrap: normal;
		overflow-wrap: normal;
		hyphens: manual;
	}

	table.data,
	table.index {
		margin: 1em auto;
		border-collapse: collapse;
		border: hidden;
		width: 100%;
	}
	table.data caption,
	table.index caption {
		max-width: 50em;
		margin: 0 auto 1em;
	}

	table.data td,  table.data th,
	table.index td, table.index th {
		padding: 0.5em 1em;
		border-width: 1px;
		border-color: silver;
		border-top-style: solid;
	}

	table.data thead td:empty {
		padding: 0;
		border: 0;
	}

	table.data  thead,
	table.index thead,
	table.data  tbody,
	table.index tbody {
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 <body class="h-entry">
  <div class="head">
   <p data-fill-with="logo"></p>
   <h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">P0330R8<br>Literal Suffix for (signed) size_t</h1>
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="subtitle"><span class="content">Published Proposal, <time class="dt-updated" datetime="2019-11-24">2019-11-24</time></span></h2>
   <div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
    <dl>
     <dt>Authors:
     <dd>
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:phdofthehouse@gmail.com">JeanHeyd Meneide</a>
     <dd>
      <dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><span class="p-name fn">Rein Halbersma</span>
     <dt>Audience:
     <dd>CWG
     <dt>Project:
     <dd>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 14882: Programming Language — C++
     <dt>Target:
     <dd>C++23
     <dt>Latest:
     <dd><a href="https://thephd.github.io/vendor/future_cxx/papers/d0330.html">https://thephd.github.io/vendor/future_cxx/papers/d0330.html</a>
    </dl>
   </div>
   <div data-fill-with="warning"></div>
   <hr title="Separator for header">
  </div>
  <div class="p-summary" data-fill-with="abstract">
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="abstract"><span class="content">Abstract</span></h2>
   <p>This paper proposes core language suffixes for size_t and its associated signed type.</p>
  </div>
  <nav data-fill-with="table-of-contents" id="toc">
   <h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
   <ol class="toc" role="directory">
    <li>
     <a href="#changelog"><span class="secno">1</span> <span class="content">Revision History</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#changelog-r8"><span class="secno">1.1</span> <span class="content">Revision 8 - November 4th, 2019</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r7"><span class="secno">1.2</span> <span class="content">Revision 7 - June 17th, 2019</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r6"><span class="secno">1.3</span> <span class="content">Revision 6 - June 17th, 2019</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r5"><span class="secno">1.4</span> <span class="content">Revision 5 - February 8th, 2019</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r4"><span class="secno">1.5</span> <span class="content">Revision 4 - January 21st, 2019</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r3"><span class="secno">1.6</span> <span class="content">Revision 3 - November 26th, 2018</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r2"><span class="secno">1.7</span> <span class="content">Revision 2 - October 1st, 2018</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r1"><span class="secno">1.8</span> <span class="content">Revision 1 - October 12th, 2017</span></a>
      <li><a href="#changelog-r0"><span class="secno">1.9</span> <span class="content">Revision 0 - November 21st, 2014</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#changelog-polls"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content">Feedback on Revisions</span></a>
    <li><a href="#motivation"><span class="secno">3</span> <span class="content">Motivation</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#design"><span class="secno">4</span> <span class="content">Design</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#design-suffix"><span class="secno">4.1</span> <span class="content">Using <code class="highlight"><c- n>t</c-></code> for <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>zu</c-></code> for <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code>?</span></a>
      <li><a href="#design-ptrdiff_t"><span class="secno">4.2</span> <span class="content">Why bother making a suffix for ptrdiff_t?</span></a>
      <li><a href="#design-favorite-suffix"><span class="secno">4.3</span> <span class="content">But what about {insert favorite suffix here}?</span></a>
      <li><a href="#design-std-ints"><span class="secno">4.4</span> <span class="content">What about the fixed/least/max (unsigned) int types?</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#impact"><span class="secno">5</span> <span class="content">Impact on the Standard</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#wording"><span class="secno">6</span> <span class="content">Proposed wording and Feature Test Macros</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#wording-feature"><span class="secno">6.1</span> <span class="content">Proposed Feature Test Macro</span></a>
      <li><a href="#wording-intent"><span class="secno">6.2</span> <span class="content">Intent</span></a>
      <li><a href="#wording-language"><span class="secno">6.3</span> <span class="content">Proposed Wording</span></a>
     </ol>
    <li><a href="#acknowledgements"><span class="secno">7</span> <span class="content">Acknowledgements</span></a>
    <li>
     <a href="#references"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">References</span></a>
     <ol class="toc">
      <li><a href="#informative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Informative References</span></a>
     </ol>
   </ol>
  </nav>
  <main>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="1" id="changelog"><span class="secno">1. </span><span class="content">Revision History</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog"></a></h2>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.1" id="changelog-r8"><span class="secno">1.1. </span><span class="content">Revision 8 - November 4th, 2019</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r8"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Make wording and paper changes for surprise Core Working Group review in Core on November 4th.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Prepare for potential tentatively-ready review for C++23.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Use <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-></code> everywhere.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Approved early for C++23 for Varna!</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.2" id="changelog-r7"><span class="secno">1.2. </span><span class="content">Revision 7 - June 17th, 2019</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r7"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Added additional motivating examples (thanks David Stone).</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Fixed derp in wording (thanks Roger Orr).</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Evolution Working Group evaluated the paper, passing the <code class="highlight"><c- n>uz</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>z</c-></code> literals, while denying the <code class="highlight"><c- n>ut</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>t</c-></code> literals.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Accept the uz/z literal suffixes for integers as in P0330 for C++23?</p>
   </ul>
<pre class="highlight"><c- n>SF</c->  <c- n>F</c->  <c- n>N</c->  <c- n>A</c-> <c- n>SA</c->
 <c- mi>4</c-> <c- mi>19</c-> <c- mi>12</c->  <c- mi>2</c->  <c- mi>0</c->
</pre>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Accept the ut/t literal suffixes for integers as in P0330 for C++23?</p>
   </ul>
<pre class="highlight"><c- n>SF</c->  <c- n>F</c->  <c- n>N</c->  <c- n>A</c-> <c- n>SA</c->
 <c- mi>0</c->  <c- mi>8</c-> <c- mi>15</c-> <c- mi>10</c->  <c- mi>2</c->
</pre>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Going to Core Working Group for C++23!</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.3" id="changelog-r6"><span class="secno">1.3. </span><span class="content">Revision 6 - June 17th, 2019</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r6"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Added additional motivating examples (thanks Alberto Escrig).</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Update wording to reflect against <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-n4820">[n4820]</a>.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.4" id="changelog-r5"><span class="secno">1.4. </span><span class="content">Revision 5 - February 8th, 2019</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r5"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Added additional motivation regarding template parameters.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Add additional feature test macros for each type of suffix.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.5" id="changelog-r4"><span class="secno">1.5. </span><span class="content">Revision 4 - January 21st, 2019</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r4"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Discussed additional reasoning due to <code class="highlight"><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>span</c-><c- o>></c-></code> changes with <code class="highlight"><c- n>ssize</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- k>const</c-> <c- n>T</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-><c- p>)</c-></code> and others.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Wording is now relative to <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-n4778">[n4778]</a>, the latest C++ Standard working draft.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.6" id="changelog-r3"><span class="secno">1.6. </span><span class="content">Revision 3 - November 26th, 2018</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r3"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Strengthened rationale for the current set of suffixes in <a href="#design-suffix">§4.1 Using t for ptrdiff_t and zu for size_t?</a>.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.7" id="changelog-r2"><span class="secno">1.7. </span><span class="content">Revision 2 - October 1st, 2018</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r2"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Published as P0330R2; change reply-to and point of contact from Rein Halbersma to JeanHeyd Meneide, who revitalized paper according to feedback from Rein Halbersma, and all of LWG. Overwhelming consensus for it to be a Language Feature instead, proposal rewritten as Language proposal with wording against <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-n4762">[n4762]</a>.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.8" id="changelog-r1"><span class="secno">1.8. </span><span class="content">Revision 1 - October 12th, 2017</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r1"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Published as P0330R1; expanded the survey of existing literals. Synced the proposed wording with the Working Draft WG21/N4687. Moved the reference implementation from BitBucket to GitHub.</p>
   </ul>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="1.9" id="changelog-r0"><span class="secno">1.9. </span><span class="content">Revision 0 - November 21st, 2014</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-r0"></a></h3>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Initial release; published as N4254.</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>Published as P0330R0; summarized LEWG’s view re N4254; dropped the proposed suffix for ptrdiff_t; changed the proposed suffix for size_t to zu; added survey of existing literal suffixes.</p>
   </ul>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="2" id="changelog-polls"><span class="secno">2. </span><span class="content">Feedback on Revisions</span><a class="self-link" href="#changelog-polls"></a></h2>
   <p>Polls are in the form <strong>Strongly in Favor | Favor | Neutral | Against | Strongly Against</strong>. The polls on Revision 1 were as follows, from an EWG meeting with joint LWG/EWG participation at the WG21 2017 Albuquerque meeting.</p>
   <p><em>Proposal as presented, i.e., are we OK with the library solution going forward?</em></p>
   <p><strong>0 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 4</strong></p>
   <p>We translated this as strong discouragement to pursue this feature as a set of user-defined literals. A second poll was taken.</p>
   <p><em>Do we want to solve this problem with a language feature?</em></p>
   <p><strong>2 | 15 | 0 | 2 | 2</strong></p>
   <p>We considered this overwhelming consensus for it to be a language feature instead, culminating in this paper after much feedback.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="motivation"><span class="secno">3. </span><span class="content">Motivation</span><a class="self-link" href="#motivation"></a></h2>
   <table>
    <tbody>
     <tr>
      <th>Currently
      <th>With Proposal
     <tr>
      <td>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>vector</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>{</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>1</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>2</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>3</c-><c- p>};</c->
<c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>0u</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>s</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>();</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- n>s</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- o>++</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- d>/* use both i and v[i] */</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
       ⚠️ - Compiles on 32-bit, truncates (maybe with warnings) on 64-bit 
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>vector</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>{</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>1</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>2</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>3</c-><c- p>};</c->
<c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>s</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>();</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- n>s</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- o>++</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- d>/* use both i and v[i] */</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
       ❌ - Compilation error 
      <td>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"> 




<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>vector</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>{</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>1</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>2</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>3</c-><c- p>};</c->
<c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>0u</c-><c- n>z</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>s</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>();</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- n>s</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- o>++</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- d>/* use both i and v[i] */</c->
<c- p>}</c->


 
</pre>
       ✔️ - Compiles with no warnings on 32-bit or 64-bit 
     <tr>
      <td>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"> 
<c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>it</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>find</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>boost</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>counting_iterator</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>),</c-> 
	<c- n>boost</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>counting_iterator</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>()),</c-> <c- mi>3</c-><c- p>);</c->
</pre>
       ❌ - Compilation error 
      <td>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"> 
<c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>it</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>find</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>boost</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>counting_iterator</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0u</c-><c- n>z</c-><c- p>),</c-> 
	<c- n>boost</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>counting_iterator</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>()),</c-> <c- mi>3u</c-><c- n>z</c-><c- p>);</c->
</pre>
       ✔️ - Compiles with no warnings on 32-bit or 64-bit 
     <tr>
      <td>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> <c- n>space_param</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- d>/* ... */</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> <c- n>clamped_space</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>max</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> 
	<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>min</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>54</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>space_param</c-><c- p>)</c->
<c- p>);</c->
<c- n>vec</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>reserve</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>clamped_space</c-><c- p>);</c->
</pre>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>span</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>s</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- d>/* init */</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-> <c- n>clamped_space</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>max</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> 
	<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>min</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>24</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>ssize</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>s</c-><c- p>))</c->
<c- p>);</c->
</pre>
       ❌ - Compilation error; OR,<br> ⚠️ - Compiles, but becomes excessively verbose with <code class="highlight"><c- k>static_cast</c-></code> or <code class="highlight"><c- p>(</c-><c- n>type</c-><c- p>)</c-></code> casts 
      <td>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> <c- n>space_param</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- d>/* ... */</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> <c- n>clamped_space</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>max</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0u</c-><c- n>z</c-><c- p>,</c-> 
	<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>min</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>54u</c-><c- n>z</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>space_param</c-><c- p>)</c->
<c- p>);</c->
<c- n>vec</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>reserve</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>clamped_space</c-><c- p>);</c->
</pre>
<pre class="language-c++ highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>span</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>s</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- d>/* init */</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-> <c- n>clamped_space</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>max</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- n>t</c-><c- p>,</c-> 
	<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>min</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>24</c-><c- n>t</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>ssize</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>s</c-><c- p>))</c->
<c- p>);</c->
</pre>
       ✔️ - Compiles with no warnings on 32-bit or 64-bit 
     <tr>
      <td>
<pre class="highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>class</c-><c- p>...</c-> <c- n>TYPES</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- k>constexpr</c-> 
<c- b>void</c-> 
<c- n>tuple</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>TYPES</c-><c- p>...</c-><c- o>>::</c-><c- n>swap</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>tuple</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-> <c- n>other</c-><c- p>)</c->
<c- k>noexcept</c-><c- p>((</c-><c- n>is_nothrow_swappable_v</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>TYPES</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>and</c-> <c- p>...))</c->
<c- p>{</c->
	<c- k>for</c-><c- p>...(</c-><c- k>constexpr</c-> <c- b>size_t</c-> <c- nl>N</c-> <c- p>:</c-> <c- n>view</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>iota</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- k>sizeof</c-><c- p>...(</c-><c- n>TYPES</c-><c- p>)))</c-> <c- p>{</c->
		<c- n>swap</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>get</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>N</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>(</c-><c- o>*</c-><c- k>this</c-><c- p>),</c-> <c- n>get</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>N</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>other</c-><c- p>));</c->
	<c- p>}</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
       ❌ - Compilation error; OR,<br> ⚠️ - Compiles, but becomes excessively verbose with <code class="highlight"><c- k>static_cast</c-></code> or <code class="highlight"><c- p>(</c-><c- n>type</c-><c- p>)</c-></code> casts 
      <td>
<pre class="highlight"><c- k>template</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>class</c-><c- p>...</c-> <c- n>TYPES</c-><c- o>></c->
<c- k>constexpr</c-> 
<c- b>void</c-> 
<c- n>tuple</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>TYPES</c-><c- p>...</c-><c- o>>::</c-><c- n>swap</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>tuple</c-><c- o>&amp;</c-> <c- n>other</c-><c- p>)</c->
<c- k>noexcept</c-><c- p>((</c-><c- n>is_nothrow_swappable_v</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>TYPES</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>and</c-> <c- p>...))</c->
<c- p>{</c->
	<c- k>for</c-><c- p>...(</c-><c- k>constexpr</c-> <c- b>size_t</c-> <c- nl>N</c-> <c- p>:</c-> <c- n>view</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>iota</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0u</c-><c- n>z</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- k>sizeof</c-><c- p>...(</c-><c- n>TYPES</c-><c- p>)))</c-> <c- p>{</c->
		<c- n>swap</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>get</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>N</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>(</c-><c- o>*</c-><c- k>this</c-><c- p>),</c-> <c- n>get</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- n>N</c-><c- o>></c-><c- p>(</c-><c- n>other</c-><c- p>));</c->
	<c- p>}</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
       ✔️ - Compiles with no warnings on 32-bit or 64-bit 
   </table>
   <p>Consider this very simple code to print an index and its value:</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>vector</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>{</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>1</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>2</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>3</c-><c- p>};</c->
<c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>();</c-> <c- o>++</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>cout</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- s>": "</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- sc>'\n'</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>This code can lead to the following warnings:</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- n>main</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- nl>cpp</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- n>In</c-> <c- n>function</c-> '<c- b>int</c-> <c- n>main</c-><c- p>()</c->'<c- o>:</c->
<c- n>main</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- nl>cpp</c-><c- p>:</c-><c- nl>warning</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- n>comparison</c-> <c- n>of</c-> <c- n>integer</c-> <c- n>expressions</c-> 
<c- n>of</c-> <c- n>different</c-> <c- nl>signedness</c-><c- p>:</c-> '<c- b>int</c->' <c- n>and</c-> '<c- b>long</c-> <c- b>unsigned</c-> <c- b>int</c->' <c- p>[</c-><c- o>-</c-><c- n>Wsign</c-><c- o>-</c-><c- n>compare</c-><c- p>]</c->
    <c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>();</c-> <c- o>++</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
                     <c- o>~~^~~~~~~~~~</c->
</pre>
   <p>It grows worse if a user wants to cache the size rather than query it per-iteration:</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>vector</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>{</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>1</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>2</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- mi>3</c-><c- p>};</c->
<c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>s</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>();</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- n>s</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- o>++</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- d>/* use both i and v[i] */</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>Resulting in a hard compiler error:</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- n>main</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- nl>cpp</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- n>In</c-> <c- n>function</c-> '<c- b>int</c-> <c- n>main</c-><c- p>()</c->'<c- o>:</c->
<c- n>main</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- nl>cpp</c-><c- p>:</c-><c- mi>8</c-><c- o>:</c-><c- mi>10</c-><c- o>:</c-> <c- nl>error</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- n>inconsistent</c-> <c- n>deduction</c-> 
<c- k>for</c-> '<c- k>auto</c->'<c- o>:</c-> '<c- b>int</c->' <c- n>and</c-> <c- n>then</c-> '<c- b>long</c-> <c- b>unsigned</c-> <c- b>int</c->'
     <c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>s</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>();</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- n>s</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- o>++</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
          <c- o>^~~~</c->
</pre>
   <p>This paper proposes adding a <code class="highlight"><c- n>zu</c-></code>s literal suffix that creates <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code> literals, making the following warning-free:</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- k>for</c-> <c- p>(</c-><c- k>auto</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- n>zu</c-><c- p>;</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>();</c-> <c- o>++</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>cout</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>i</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- s>": "</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>[</c-><c- n>i</c-><c- p>]</c-> <c- o>&lt;&lt;</c-> <c- sc>'\n'</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>It also makes this code compile without <code class="highlight"><c- nl>error</c-><c- p>:</c-> <c- n>no</c-> <c- n>matching</c-> <c- n>function</c-> <c- k>for</c-> <c- n>call</c-> <c- n>to</c-> '<c- n>min</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>vector</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>>::</c-><c- n>size_type</c-><c- p>)</c->'</code> and similar:</p>
<pre class="highlight"><c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;algorithm>
<c- cp>#include</c-> &lt;vector>

<c- b>int</c-> <c- nf>main</c-><c- p>()</c-> <c- p>{</c->
	<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>vector</c-><c- o>&lt;</c-><c- b>int</c-><c- o>></c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>;</c->
	<c- d>/* work with v... */</c->

	<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-> <c- n>clamped_space</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>max</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- n>zu</c-><c- p>,</c-> 
		<c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>min</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>54</c-><c- n>zu</c-><c- p>,</c-> <c- n>v</c-><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>())</c-> <c- c1>// error without suffix</c->
	<c- p>);</c->

	<c- k>return</c-> <c- mi>0</c-><c- p>;</c->
<c- p>}</c->
</pre>
   <p>More generally:</p>
   <ul>
    <li data-md>
     <p>int is the default type deduced from integer literals without suffix;</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>comparisons, signs or conversion ranks with integers can lead to surprising results;</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p><code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code> -- and now more frequently, <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code> because of <code class="highlight"><c- n>ssize</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> -- are nearly impossible to avoid in the standard library for element access or <code class="highlight"><c- p>.</c-><c- n>size</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> members;</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>programmer intent and stability is hard to communicate portably with the current set of literals;</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>surprises range from (pedantic) compiler errors to undefined behavior;</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>existing integer suffixes (such as <code class="highlight"><c- n>ul</c-></code>) are not a general solution, e.g. when switching compilation between 32-bit and 64-bit on common architectures;</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>template parameters for multiple arguments often clash with what literals have;</p>
    <li data-md>
     <p>and, C-style casts and static_casts are verbose.</p>
   </ul>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="4" id="design"><span class="secno">4. </span><span class="content">Design</span><a class="self-link" href="#design"></a></h2>
   <p>Following the feedback from <a href="#changelog-polls">§2 Feedback on Revisions</a>, we have dropped the <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>support_literals</c-></code> User-Defined Literals and  chose a Core Language Literal Suffix. We opine that it would better serve the needs of addressing the motivation.</p>
   <p>As a language feature, the design of the suffixes becomes much simpler. The core language only has one format for its integer literal suffixes: the letter(s), with an optional <code class="highlight"><c- n>u</c-></code> on either side of the letter(s) to make it unsigned, with the signed variant being the default on most architectures. We did not want to use <code class="highlight"><c- n>s</c-></code> because <code class="highlight"><c- n>s</c-></code> might mean <code class="highlight"><c- b>short</c-></code> to some and there are people working on the <code class="highlight"><c- b>short</c-> <c- b>float</c-></code> paper currently wherein a suffix such as <code class="highlight"><c- n>sf</c-></code> might surface. In this case, it would make some small amount of sense for the suffix <code class="highlight"><c- n>s</c-></code> to also work for shorts, albeit that might have unforeseen consequences with standard-defined library literals.</p>
   <p>The literal suffixes <code class="highlight"><c- n>z</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>uz</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>zu</c-></code> alongside <code class="highlight"><c- n>t</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>ut</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>tu</c-></code> were chosen to represent signed/unsigned <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code>, respectively. <code class="highlight"><c- k>decltype</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- n>t</c-><c- p>)</c-></code> will yield <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- k>decltype</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0u</c-><c- n>z</c-><c- p>)</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- k>decltype</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- n>zu</c-><c- p>)</c-></code> will yield <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code>. Like other case-insensitive language literal suffixes, it will accept both <code class="highlight"><c- n>Z</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>T</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>z</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>t</c-></code> (and <code class="highlight"><c- n>U</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>u</c-></code> alongside of it). This follows the current convention of the core language to be able to place <code class="highlight"><c- n>u</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>z</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>t</c-></code> in any order / any case for the suffix.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.1" id="design-suffix"><span class="secno">4.1. </span><span class="content">Using <code class="highlight"><c- n>t</c-></code> for <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>zu</c-></code> for <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code>?</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-suffix"></a></h3>
   <p>Previous invocations of this paper used only <code class="highlight"><c- n>z</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>uz</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>zu</c-></code>, mostly because there was no named type that represented what a signed <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-></code> or an unsigned <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code> was. This made it awkward to place into the C++ wording for the author writing this paper. However, Core Wording experts (thanks Hubert Tong and Jens Maurer!) have helped elucidate that while the type may not have a formal name or type alias in the language, it is perfectly valid to say "the unsigned/signed integer type corresponding to {X}".</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.2" id="design-ptrdiff_t"><span class="secno">4.2. </span><span class="content">Why bother making a suffix for ptrdiff_t?</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-ptrdiff_t"></a></h3>
   <p>With the inclusion of a <code class="highlight"><c- n>ssize</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> free function coming to the standard, this paper advocates for keeping a literal for <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code>. As the paper was going through the Library group earlier, <code class="highlight"><c- n>span</c-></code>'s design decisions were not coming to a head and thusly the dialogue did not bring this up. With <code class="highlight"><c- n>span</c-></code> now headed into C++20 and <code class="highlight"><c- n>ssize</c-><c- p>()</c-></code> with it, having a modifier for <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code> is useful for consistency and helpful for success in a world where developers employ a lot of <code class="highlight"><c- k>auto</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- k>decltype</c-></code>.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.3" id="design-favorite-suffix"><span class="secno">4.3. </span><span class="content">But what about {insert favorite suffix here}?</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-favorite-suffix"></a></h3>
   <p>We designed the suffixes based on feedback from both EWG and Core members in the 3 mailing list posts corresponding to that discussion. We will take additional polls on the actual suffix desired by the Community before EWG.</p>
   <p>For example, it was made clear during discussion that while some people would not lose any sleep over a suffix scheme such as <code class="highlight"><c- n>z</c-></code> for <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>uz</c-></code>/<code class="highlight"><c- n>zu</c-></code> for <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code>, others were concerned that architectures (such as armv7-apple-darwin) produced answers such as <code class="highlight"><c- k>decltype</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- n>zu</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- b>unsigned</c-> <c- b>long</c-></code> for <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- k>decltype</c-><c- p>(</c-><c- mi>0</c-><c- n>z</c-><c- p>)</c-> <c- o>=</c-> <c- b>int</c-></code> for <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code>. They have the same range exponent on this architecture but the type disconnect would likely bother some folks. The current scheme is to avoid such a pairing of incongruent types.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="4.4" id="design-std-ints"><span class="secno">4.4. </span><span class="content">What about the fixed/least/max (unsigned) int types?</span><a class="self-link" href="#design-std-ints"></a></h3>
   <p>This paper does not propose suffixes for the fixed size, at-least size, and max size integral types in the standard library or the language. This paper is focusing exclusively on <code class="highlight"><c- b>ptrdiff_t</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code>. We have also been made aware of another paper which may handle this separately and considers all the design space necessary for such. We feel it would be best left to LEWG to handle such a paper, since they are closer to library types.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="5" id="impact"><span class="secno">5. </span><span class="content">Impact on the Standard</span><a class="self-link" href="#impact"></a></h2>
   <p>This feature is purely an extension of the language and has, to the best of our knowledge, no conflict with existing or currently proposed features. <code class="highlight"><c- n>z</c-></code> and <code class="highlight"><c- n>t</c-></code> are currently not a literal suffix in the language. As a proof of concept, it has a <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-gcc-implementation">patch in GCC already</a> according to this paper by Ed Smith-Rowland.</p>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="6" id="wording"><span class="secno">6. </span><span class="content">Proposed wording and Feature Test Macros</span><a class="self-link" href="#wording"></a></h2>
   <p>The following wording is relative to the latest working draft.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="6.1" id="wording-feature"><span class="secno">6.1. </span><span class="content">Proposed Feature Test Macro</span><a class="self-link" href="#wording-feature"></a></h3>
   <p>The recommended feature test macro is <code class="highlight"><c- n>__cpp_size_t_suffix</c-></code>.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="6.2" id="wording-intent"><span class="secno">6.2. </span><span class="content">Intent</span><a class="self-link" href="#wording-intent"></a></h3>
   <p>The intent of this paper is to propose 1 language suffix for integral literals of <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-></code>. We follow the conventions set out for other literals in the standard. We define the suffix to produce types <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code> and "the signed type corresponding to <code class="highlight"><c- b>size_t</c-></code>" similar to how <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-n4820">§5.13.7 Pointer Literals [lex.nullptr</a>] introduces <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- n>nullptr_t</c-></code>.</p>
   <h3 class="heading settled" data-level="6.3" id="wording-language"><span class="secno">6.3. </span><span class="content">Proposed Wording</span><a class="self-link" href="#wording-language"></a></h3>
   <p>Modify §5.13.2 Integer Literals [<strong>lex.icon</strong>] with additional suffixes:</p>
   <blockquote>
    <p></p>
    <dl>
     <dt><i>integer-suffix</i>:
     <dd> <i>unsigned-suffix long-suffix<sub>opt</sub></i> 
     <dd> <i>unsigned-suffix long-long-suffix<sub>opt</sub></i> 
     <dd> <i><ins>unsigned-suffix size-suffix<sub>opt</sub></ins></i> 
     <dd> <i>long-suffix unsigned-suffix<sub>opt</sub></i> 
     <dd> <i>long-long-suffix unsigned-suffix<sub>opt</sub></i> 
     <dd>
      <ins><i>size-suffix unsigned-suffix<sub>opt</sub></i></ins>
    </dl>
    <p></p>
    <p> <i>unsigned-suffix</i>: one of<br>  u U </p>
    <p> <i>long-suffix</i>: one of<br>  l L </p>
    <p> <i>long-long-suffix</i>: one of<br>  ll LL </p>
    <p>
     <ins> <i>size-suffix</i>: one of<br>  z Z </ins>
    </p>
   </blockquote>
   <p>Append to §5.13.2 Integer Literals [<strong>lex.icon</strong>]'s <strong>Table 7</strong> four additional entries:</p>
   <blockquote>
    <table>
     <tbody>
      <tr>
       <th>Suffix
       <th>Decimal literal
       <th>Binary, octal, or hexadecimal literal
      <tr>
       <td>
        <ins>z or Z</ins>
       <td>
        <ins>the signed integer type corresponding to <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-></code> (<a href="http://eel.is/c++draft/support.types.layout">[<strong>support.types.layout</strong>] 17.2.4)</a></ins>
       <td>
        <ins>
         the signed integer type corresponding to <code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-></code><br>
         <ins><code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-></code></ins>
        </ins>
      <tr>
       <td>
        <ins>Both u or U<br>and z or Z</ins>
       <td>
        <ins><code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-></code></ins>
       <td>
        <ins><code class="highlight"><c- n>std</c-><c- o>::</c-><c- b>size_t</c-></code></ins>
    </table>
   </blockquote>
   <p>Append to §14.8 Predefined macro names [<strong>cpp.predefined</strong>]'s <strong>Table 17</strong> with one additional entry:</p>
   <blockquote>
    <table>
     <tbody>
      <tr>
       <th>Macro name
       <th>Value
      <tr>
       <td>
        <ins>__cpp_size_t_suffix</ins>
       <td>
        <ins>202006L</ins>
    </table>
   </blockquote>
   <h2 class="heading settled" data-level="7" id="acknowledgements"><span class="secno">7. </span><span class="content">Acknowledgements</span><a class="self-link" href="#acknowledgements"></a></h2>
   <p>Thank you to Rein Halbersma, who started this paper and put in the necessary work for r0 and r1. Thank you to Walter E. Brown, who acted as <em>locum</em> on this paper before the Committee twice and gave us valuable feedback on wording. Thank you to Lounge&lt;C++>'s Cicada for encouraging us to write this paper. Thank you to Hubert Tong and Jens Maurer for giving us a few pointers on where in the Core Language to modify things for such a paper and what words to use. Thank you to Tim Song for wording advice.</p>
   <p>We appreciate your guidance as we learn to be a better Committee member and represent the C++ community’s needs more more efficiently and effectively in the coming months.</p>
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  <h2 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="references"><span class="content">References</span><a class="self-link" href="#references"></a></h2>
  <h3 class="no-num no-ref heading settled" id="informative"><span class="content">Informative References</span><a class="self-link" href="#informative"></a></h3>
  <dl>
   <dt id="biblio-gcc-implementation">[GCC-IMPLEMENTATION]
   <dd>Ed Smith-Rowland. <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2018-10/msg01278.html">[[C++ PATCH]] Implement C++2a P0330R2 - Literal Suffixes for ptrdiff_t and size_t</a>. October 21st, 2018. URL: <a href="https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2018-10/msg01278.html">https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-patches/2018-10/msg01278.html</a>
   <dt id="biblio-n4762">[N4762]
   <dd>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 - The C++ Standards Committee; Richard Smith. <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4762.pdf">N4762- Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++</a>. May 10th, 2018. URL: <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4762.pdf">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4762.pdf</a>
   <dt id="biblio-n4778">[N4778]
   <dd>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 - The C++ Standards Committee; Richard Smith. <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4778.pdf">N4778 - Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++</a>. November 26th, 2018. URL: <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4778.pdf">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2018/n4778.pdf</a>
   <dt id="biblio-n4820">[N4820]
   <dd>ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21 - The C++ Standards Committee; Richard Smith. <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2019/n4800.pdf">N4820 - Working Draft, Standard for Programming Language C++</a>. January 21st, 2019. URL: <a href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2019/n4800.pdf">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2019/n4800.pdf</a>
  </dl>