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  <title>Make assert() macro user friendly for C and C++</title>
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<h1 class="title" style="text-align:center">Make assert() macro user friendly for C and C++</h1>

<table style="border:none;float:right">
  <tr>
    <td>Document #:</td>
    <td>P2246R1 (WG21)/ NXXXX (was N2621) (WG14)</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td>Date:</td>
    <td>2021-10-05</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align:top">Project:</td>
    <td>Programming Language C++</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align:top">Audience:</td>
    <td>
      WG21 - Library Evolution and SG22 (C++/C-Liaison), WG14<br>
    </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <td style="vertical-align:top">Reply-to:</td>
    <td>
      Peter Sommerlad<br>&lt;<a href="mailto:peter.cpp@sommerlad.ch" class="email">peter.cpp@sommerlad.ch</a>&gt;<br>
    </td>
  </tr>
</table>

</header>
<div style="clear:both">
<div id="TOC" role="doc-toc">
<h1 id="toctitle">Contents</h1>
<ul>
<li><a href="#introduction"><span class="toc-section-number">1</span> Introduction<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#remedy"><span class="toc-section-number">2</span> Remedy<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#impact-on-existing-code"><span class="toc-section-number">3</span> Impact on existing code<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#potential-liabilities-of-the-proposed-change"><span class="toc-section-number">4</span> Potential liabilities of the proposed change<span></span></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ndebug-will-allow-assert-without-any-arguments"><span class="toc-section-number">4.1</span> NDEBUG will allow <code class="sourceCode cpp"><span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">()</span></code> without any arguments<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#contracts-will-make-the-50-year-old-assert-macro-obsolete-and-to-not-suffer-from-the-macro-parsing-issue."><span class="toc-section-number">4.2</span> “Contracts will make the 50 year old assert macro obsolete and to not suffer from the macro parsing issue.”<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#using-the-comma-operator-can-be-misapplied-to-an-always-true-assert-if-its-arguments-are-formed-as-for-static_assertconditionreason.-this-will-make-wrong-code-compile-that-today-doesnt."><span class="toc-section-number">4.3</span> <em>“Using the comma operator can be misapplied to an always true assert, if its arguments are formed as for <code class="sourceCode default">static_assert(condition,reason)</code>. This will make wrong code compile that today doesn’t.”</em><span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#teachability-is-not-improved-because-we-can-teach-use-extra-parentheses-today."><span class="toc-section-number">4.4</span> “Teachability is not improved, because we can teach use extra parentheses today.”<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#will-changing-static_assertconditionreason-to-assertconditionreason-compile-and-silently-make-the-assert-never-fire.-see-2-above"><span class="toc-section-number">4.5</span> Will changing <code class="sourceCode default">static_assert(condition,&quot;reason&quot;)</code> to <code class="sourceCode default">assert(condition,&quot;reason&quot;)</code> compile and silently make the assert never fire. (see 2 above)<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#do-you-have-implementation-experience"><span class="toc-section-number">4.6</span> Do you have implementation experience?<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#why-dont-you-use-bool__va_args__-to-prevent-comma-operator-usage"><span class="toc-section-number">4.7</span> Why don’t you use <code class="sourceCode default">bool(__VA_ARGS__)</code> to prevent comma operator usage?<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#why-dont-you-use-assertarg__va_args__-to-prevent-zero-arguments-for-the-ndebug-case"><span class="toc-section-number">4.8</span> Why don’t you use <code class="sourceCode default">assert(arg,__VA_ARGS__)</code> to prevent zero arguments for the NDEBUG case?<span></span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#wording-for-c"><span class="toc-section-number">5</span> Wording for C++<span></span></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#the-assert-macro-assertions.assert"><span class="toc-section-number">5.0.1</span> 19.3.2 The <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro [assertions.assert]<span></span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#wording-for-c-1"><span class="toc-section-number">6</span> Wording for C<span></span></a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#program-diagnostics"><span class="toc-section-number">6.0.1</span> 7.2.1 Program diagnostics<span></span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#acknowledgements"><span class="toc-section-number">7</span> Acknowledgements<span></span></a></li>
<li><a href="#example-implementation-bsd-license-on-macos"><span class="toc-section-number">8</span> Example implementation (BSD license on MacOS)<span></span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h1 data-number="1" id="introduction"><span class="header-section-number">1</span> Introduction<a href="#introduction" class="self-link"></a></h1>
<p>The <code class="sourceCode default">assert()</code> macro, being a macro, is not very beginner friendly in C++, because the preprocessor only uses parenthesis for pairing and none of the other structuring syntax of C++, such as template angle brackets, or curly braces. This makes it user unfriendly in a C++ context, requiring an extra pair of parentheses, if the expression used, incorporates a comma.</p>
<p>Shafik Yaghmour presented the following C++ code in one of his Twitter quizzes <a href="https://twitter.com/shafikyaghmour/status/1329952764068126722"><code class="sourceCode default">tweet</code></a> demonstrating the weakness.</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb1"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb1-1"><a href="#cb1-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">&lt;cassert&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-2"><a href="#cb1-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">&lt;type_traits&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb1-3"><a href="#cb1-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-4"><a href="#cb1-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">using</span> Int<span class="op">=</span><span class="dt">int</span>;</span>
<span id="cb1-5"><a href="#cb1-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb1-6"><a href="#cb1-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span> f<span class="op">()</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb1-7"><a href="#cb1-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">(</span>std<span class="op">::</span>is_same<span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="dt">int</span>,Int<span class="op">&gt;::</span>value<span class="op">)</span>; <span class="co">// a surprisig compile error</span></span>
<span id="cb1-8"><a href="#cb1-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>One of the twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/_Static_assert/status/1332368539991347200?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw"><code class="sourceCode default">responses (by @_Static_assert)</code></a> to the tweet mentioned above, even provided a definition of the assert macro that actually is a primitive implementation of what I propose in this paper:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb2"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb2-1"><a href="#cb2-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="ot">__VA_ARGS__</span><span class="op">)?(</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">:</span>std<span class="op">::</span>abort<span class="op">())</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>In C one needs to be a bit more sophisticated to trigger such a compile error, but nevertheless the C syntax allows for such expression that include commas that are not protected from the preprocessor by parentheses as given by Shafik’s <a href="https://godbolt.org/z/4Wqd66"><code class="sourceCode default">godbolt example</code></a></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb3"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb3-1"><a href="#cb3-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">&lt;assert.h&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb3-2"><a href="#cb3-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb3-3"><a href="#cb3-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span> f<span class="op">()</span> <span class="op">{</span></span>
<span id="cb3-4"><a href="#cb3-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">int</span><span class="op">[</span><span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">]){</span><span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">}[</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">])</span>; <span class="co">// compile error</span></span>
<span id="cb3-5"><a href="#cb3-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="kw">struct</span> A <span class="op">{</span><span class="dt">int</span> x,y;<span class="op">}</span>;</span>
<span id="cb3-6"><a href="#cb3-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">((</span><span class="kw">struct</span> A<span class="op">){</span><span class="dv">1</span>,<span class="dv">2</span><span class="op">}.</span>x<span class="op">)</span>; <span class="co">// compile error</span></span>
<span id="cb3-7"><a href="#cb3-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="op">}</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>The current C standard does not even sanction such a compile error to my knowledge, when <code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code> is not defined, since it specifies the assert macro to be able to take an expression of <em>scalar type</em> which the above non-compiling examples with a comma, I think, are (int in both cases). The C++ standard and working paper refer to C’s definition of the <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro in that respect.</p>
<h1 data-number="2" id="remedy"><span class="header-section-number">2</span> Remedy<a href="#remedy" class="self-link"></a></h1>
<p>This deficit in the single argument macro assert() seems to be very easy to mitigate by providing a <code class="sourceCode default">__VA_ARGS__</code> version of the macro using ellipsis (<code class="sourceCode default">...</code>) as the parameter.</p>
<p>There exist the option to specify the assert macro with an extra name parameter and then the ellipsis. However, I do think this not only complicates its implementation it also complicates its wording, as well as this feature allowing a single argument macro call is not available for C++ versions pre C++20. If the <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro is called without any arguments this will lead to a compile error as it does today. The only difference might be the issued compiler diagnostic</p>
<p>A DIY version can be defined that provides the additional parenthesis needed for the <code class="sourceCode default">assert()</code> macro of today:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb4"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb4-1"><a href="#cb4-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define Assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">((</span><span class="ot">__VA_ARGS__</span><span class="op">))</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>However, that would be required to be defined and used throughout a project and such is less user friendly than have the standard facility provide such flexibility.</p>
<p>Note: the following <em>feature</em> was removed, due to discussions of the R0/N2621 version of this paper. And a mechanism is enforced to detect misuse of the comma operator.</p>
<p><del>In addition the variable argument macro version of assert would allow additional diagnostics text, by using the comma operator, such as in</del></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb5"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb5-1"><a href="#cb5-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="st">&quot;this cannot be true&quot;</span>, <span class="op">-</span><span class="fl">0.0</span><span class="op">)</span>;</span></code></pre></div>
<p><del>which would otherwise also be required to use an extra pair of parentheses.</del></p>
<p>However, such additional diagnostic strings are better spelled using the <code class="sourceCode default">&amp;&amp;</code> conjugation (thanks to Martin Hořeňovský )</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb6"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb6-1"><a href="#cb6-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">(</span>idx <span class="op">&lt;</span> vec<span class="op">.</span>size<span class="op">()</span> <span class="op">&amp;&amp;</span> <span class="st">&quot;idx is out of range&quot;</span><span class="op">)</span>;</span></code></pre></div>
<p>The proposed solution prevents the use of the comma operator on top-level, to avoid accidentally creating always true assertions like the following:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb7"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb7-1"><a href="#cb7-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>    <span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">(</span>x <span class="op">&gt;</span> <span class="dv">0</span> , <span class="st">&quot;x was not greater than zero&quot;</span><span class="op">)</span>;</span></code></pre></div>
<p>Those assertions can result from converting a <code class="sourceCode cpp"><span class="kw">static_assert</span></code> to a regular assert.</p>
<h1 data-number="3" id="impact-on-existing-code"><span class="header-section-number">3</span> Impact on existing code<a href="#impact-on-existing-code" class="self-link"></a></h1>
<p>On my Mac I changed the system’s <code class="sourceCode default">assert.h</code> header to provide variadic macro versions of the <code class="sourceCode default">assert(...)</code> macro for C++ and C. I implemented a mechanism to prevent unintentional use of the comma operator within the macro’s arguments. I compiled various software (including LLVM) on my Mac using that changed system header and did not encounter problems, beyond my own bugs that I made in that change. The latter is, why I know that the adapted header was actually used.</p>
<p>When reading the C specification of the semantics of assert() one could argue that the macro parameter should already have been variadic, because even in C one can form a scalar expression with a comma that doesn’t require balanced parentheses. So WG14 and WG21 might even consider to apply this change as a backward defect fix to previous revisions of the standards.</p>
<h1 data-number="4" id="potential-liabilities-of-the-proposed-change"><span class="header-section-number">4</span> Potential liabilities of the proposed change<a href="#potential-liabilities-of-the-proposed-change" class="self-link"></a></h1>
<p>While sharing a preview of this document and during review of the initial revision in the various online study and work groups addressed, I got several people commenting on it. While some were in favor, there were raised some potential issues that I’d like to share paraphrased below.</p>
<p>There were liabilities that I do not list, because they are already addressed by the initial revision of this paper</p>
<ul>
<li>breaking compatibility with C: This is not planned, see this paper.</li>
<li>wording only addresses the NDEBUG case (for C++): I provide now more context, the wording changes required for C++ definitely only relevant with the NDEBUG case. However, if desired, we could split adoption of C and C++ in parallel, but providing full assert specification in C++. This is a much more elaborate task that I refrained from at the moment.</li>
</ul>
<h2 data-number="4.1" id="ndebug-will-allow-assert-without-any-arguments"><span class="header-section-number">4.1</span> NDEBUG will allow <code class="sourceCode cpp"><span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">()</span></code> without any arguments<a href="#ndebug-will-allow-assert-without-any-arguments" class="self-link"></a></h2>
<p>As specified at the moment, the NDEBUG version of <code class="sourceCode cpp"><span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span></code> will swallow any macro arguments, even if there is none. I believe this is a small price to pay, since any invalid code that matches a macro argument is allowed today anyway if NDEBUG is set. A more sophisticated specification could use the more-than-one argument variadic macro syntax mentioned below.</p>
<h2 data-number="4.2" id="contracts-will-make-the-50-year-old-assert-macro-obsolete-and-to-not-suffer-from-the-macro-parsing-issue."><span class="header-section-number">4.2</span> “Contracts will make the 50 year old assert macro obsolete and to not suffer from the macro parsing issue.”<a href="#contracts-will-make-the-50-year-old-assert-macro-obsolete-and-to-not-suffer-from-the-macro-parsing-issue." class="self-link"></a></h2>
<p>While I appreciate the notion of contracts, I and others think it is worthwhile to make <code class="sourceCode default">assert()</code> more beginner friendly, since professional code bases will have their own versions of precondition checking stuff anyway. While beginners can be shown a universally available feature that is identical to C and could even be ported to older revisions of the standards without breaking existing code.</p>
<h2 data-number="4.3" id="using-the-comma-operator-can-be-misapplied-to-an-always-true-assert-if-its-arguments-are-formed-as-for-static_assertconditionreason.-this-will-make-wrong-code-compile-that-today-doesnt."><span class="header-section-number">4.3</span> <em>“Using the comma operator can be misapplied to an always true assert, if its arguments are formed as for <code class="sourceCode default">static_assert(condition,reason)</code>. This will make wrong code compile that today doesn’t.”</em><a href="#using-the-comma-operator-can-be-misapplied-to-an-always-true-assert-if-its-arguments-are-formed-as-for-static_assertconditionreason.-this-will-make-wrong-code-compile-that-today-doesnt." class="self-link"></a></h2>
<p><strong>This problem is prevented by my implementation, unless <code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code> is defined, by defining an identity function taking a single argument. I do not think we need to update the specification with that respect.</strong></p>
<h2 data-number="4.4" id="teachability-is-not-improved-because-we-can-teach-use-extra-parentheses-today."><span class="header-section-number">4.4</span> “Teachability is not improved, because we can teach use extra parentheses today.”<a href="#teachability-is-not-improved-because-we-can-teach-use-extra-parentheses-today." class="self-link"></a></h2>
<p>I have a lot of experience in teaching C++ and i believe that using those extra parenthesis is teachable when interacting with students having such a problem, but the surprise and the time it takes to remember this remedy when it hits, is worth the effort to make it more user friendly. Especially, since assert() tends to be used as a unit testing framework substitute and thus in C++ the use of templates or initializer lists happens frequently, at least in tests I write.</p>
<p>During discussions in WG21/SG22 and WG14 the following issues were raised:</p>
<h2 data-number="4.5" id="will-changing-static_assertconditionreason-to-assertconditionreason-compile-and-silently-make-the-assert-never-fire.-see-2-above"><span class="header-section-number">4.5</span> Will changing <code class="sourceCode default">static_assert(condition,&quot;reason&quot;)</code> to <code class="sourceCode default">assert(condition,&quot;reason&quot;)</code> compile and silently make the assert never fire. (see 2 above)<a href="#will-changing-static_assertconditionreason-to-assertconditionreason-compile-and-silently-make-the-assert-never-fire.-see-2-above" class="self-link"></a></h2>
<p>ad 2/4. My implementation prevents the use of the comma operator, so the point 2 is clearly taken. Any decent optimizer should also eliminate any call to the inline identity function that is only there to prevent inadvertent use of the comma operator or missing to provide an argument. However, my implementation provides no protection against using zero arguments or the comma operator if <code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code> is defined due to the nature of <code class="sourceCode default">assert()</code> being a macro. The empty argument case could be addressed there as well, but I did not attempt that (yet), because it could lead to side effects or make the solution not backward compatible with older version of the standards, where <code class="sourceCode default">assert(arg,...)</code> would require at least 2 arguments, whereas in C++20 it only requires a single argument.</p>
<h2 data-number="4.6" id="do-you-have-implementation-experience"><span class="header-section-number">4.6</span> Do you have implementation experience?<a href="#do-you-have-implementation-experience" class="self-link"></a></h2>
<p>As stated above and can be seen in the appendix, I used an adapted <code class="sourceCode default">assert.h</code> on my system and compiled code with it over several months. I found bugs in my implementation, and I cannot guarantee, that there are no corner cases, I missed. But all bugs that I had during that time, stemmed not from the macro being variadic, but my feeble attempts to detect the cases where a comma operator might sneak in and my brain having forgotten C.</p>
<h2 data-number="4.7" id="why-dont-you-use-bool__va_args__-to-prevent-comma-operator-usage"><span class="header-section-number">4.7</span> Why don’t you use <code class="sourceCode default">bool(__VA_ARGS__)</code> to prevent comma operator usage?<a href="#why-dont-you-use-bool__va_args__-to-prevent-comma-operator-usage" class="self-link"></a></h2>
<p>I did opt for the usage of an identity function, because that approach works both for C++ and C, whereas the suggested remedy <code class="sourceCode default">bool(__VA_ARGS__)</code> would only work for C++. This way, I could prevent implementation divergence between C and C++ of the actual macro replacement. However, because I doubt WG14 will accept the proposal, I prepared WG21 wording using this.</p>
<h2 data-number="4.8" id="why-dont-you-use-assertarg__va_args__-to-prevent-zero-arguments-for-the-ndebug-case"><span class="header-section-number">4.8</span> Why don’t you use <code class="sourceCode default">assert(arg,__VA_ARGS__)</code> to prevent zero arguments for the NDEBUG case?<a href="#why-dont-you-use-assertarg__va_args__-to-prevent-zero-arguments-for-the-ndebug-case" class="self-link"></a></h2>
<p>As stated above, the feature is only usable in C++20 for at least one argument macros and I want my system header compile with all versions of C++ and C.</p>
<p>I do not have the resources to do a wider spread analysis of the change, and would appreciate help, if such is required before further consideration.</p>
<h1 data-number="5" id="wording-for-c"><span class="header-section-number">5</span> Wording for C++<a href="#wording-for-c" class="self-link"></a></h1>
<p>The change is relative to n4892. I provide the C++ only change version here. For a change that relies on the WG14 draft standard to change as well, see the R0 version of this paper.</p>
<p><em>In [<code class="sourceCode default">assertions.general</code>] apply the following change (taken from C wording):</em></p>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">1</a></span> The header <code class="sourceCode default">&lt;cassert&gt;</code> provides a macro for documenting C++ program assertions and a mechanism for disabling the assertion checks <span class="add" style="color: #006e28"><ins>through defining the macro <span><code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code></span></ins></span>.</p>
<p><em>In [<code class="sourceCode default">cassert.syn</code>] change the macro definition as follows:</em></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb8"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb8-1"><a href="#cb8-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define assert</span><span class="op">(</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="rm" style="color: #bf0303"><del><span><code class="sourceCode default">E</code></span></del></span> <span class="add" style="color: #006e28"><ins><span><code class="sourceCode default">...</code></span></ins></span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><em>see below</em></span></code></pre></div>
<div class="rm" style="color: #bf0303">
<p>The contents are the same as the C standard library header <code class="sourceCode default">&lt;assert.h&gt;</code>, except that a macro named <code class="sourceCode default">static_assert</code> is not defined.</p>
<p>See also: ISO C 7.2</p>
</div>
<p><em>In [<code class="sourceCode default">assertions.assert</code>] perform the following changes.</em></p>
<h3 data-number="5.0.1" id="the-assert-macro-assertions.assert"><span class="header-section-number">5.0.1</span> 19.3.2 The <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro [assertions.assert]<a href="#the-assert-macro-assertions.assert" class="self-link"></a></h3>
<div class="add" style="color: #006e28">
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">1</a></span> If <code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code> is defined as a macro name at the point in the source file where <code class="sourceCode default">&lt;cassert&gt;</code> is included, the <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro is defined as</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb9"><pre class="sourceCode default default"><code class="sourceCode default"><span id="cb9-1"><a href="#cb9-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>#define assert(...) ((void)0)</span></code></pre></div>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">2</a></span> Otherwise, the <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro puts a diagnostic test into programs; it expands to an expression of type <code class="sourceCode default">void</code>, that when executed evaluates as a subexpression <code class="sourceCode default">bool(__VA_ARGS__)</code>. If that evaluation is false, the <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro’s expression creates a diagnostic containing <code class="sourceCode default">#__VA_ARGS__</code> and information on the name of the source file, the source line number, and the name of the enclosing function (such as provided by <code class="sourceCode default">source_location::current()</code>) on the standard error stream in an implementation-defined format. It then calls <code class="sourceCode default">abort()</code>. If the argument to <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> evaluates to <code class="sourceCode default">true</code>, there is no further effect.</p>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">3</a></span> The macro <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> is redefined according to the current state of <code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code> each time that <code class="sourceCode default">&lt;cassert&gt;</code> is included.</p>
</div>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">4</a></span> An expression assert(E) is a constant subexpression (16.3.6), if</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code> is defined at the point where <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> is last defined or redefined, or</li>
<li><code class="sourceCode default">E</code> contextually converted to <code class="sourceCode default">bool</code> (7.3) is a constant subexpression that evaluates to the value <code class="sourceCode default">true</code>.</li>
</ul>
<h1 data-number="6" id="wording-for-c-1"><span class="header-section-number">6</span> Wording for C<a href="#wording-for-c-1" class="self-link"></a></h1>
<p>These changes are relative to N2573. If those changes are applied the minimal change for C++ standard proposed in P2264R0 could be used.</p>
<p><em>In section 7.2 (Diagnostics <code class="sourceCode default">&lt;assert.h&gt;</code>) change the definition of the <code class="sourceCode default">assert()</code> macro to use elipsis instead of a single macro parameter:</em></p>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">1</a></span> The header <code class="sourceCode default">&lt;assert.h&gt;</code> defines the <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> and <code class="sourceCode default">static_assert</code> macros and refers to another macro,</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb10"><pre class="sourceCode default"><code class="sourceCode default"><span id="cb10-1"><a href="#cb10-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>NDEBUG</span></code></pre></div>
<p>which is not defined by <code class="sourceCode default">&lt;assert.h&gt;</code>. If <code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code> is defined as a macro name at the point in the source file where <code class="sourceCode default">&lt;assert.h&gt;</code> is included, the <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro is defined simply as</p>
<div>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb11"><pre class="sourceCode diff"><code class="sourceCode diff"><span id="cb11-1"><a href="#cb11-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="st">- #define assert(ignore) ((void)0)</span></span>
<span id="cb11-2"><a href="#cb11-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="va">+ #define assert(...) ((void)0)</span></span></code></pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro is redefined according to the current state of <code class="sourceCode default">NDEBUG</code> each time that &lt;assert.h&gt; is included.</p>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">2</a></span> The <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro shall be implemented as a macro <span class="add" style="color: #006e28"><ins>with an ellipsis parameter</ins></span>, not as an actual function. If the macro definition is suppressed in order to access an actual function, the behavior is undefined.</p>
<p><em>In section 7.2.1 (Program Diagnostics) no change is needed. It is included here for easier reference by reviewers.</em></p>
<h3 data-number="6.0.1" id="program-diagnostics"><span class="header-section-number">6.0.1</span> 7.2.1 Program diagnostics<a href="#program-diagnostics" class="self-link"></a></h3>
<h4 data-number="6.0.1.1" id="the-assert-macro"><span class="header-section-number">6.0.1.1</span> 7.2.1.1 The assert macro<a href="#the-assert-macro" class="self-link"></a></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong></p>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">1</a></span></p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb12"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb12-1"><a href="#cb12-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">&lt;assert.h&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb12-2"><a href="#cb12-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span> <span class="ot">assert</span><span class="op">(</span>scalar expression<span class="op">)</span>;</span></code></pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong></p>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">2</a></span>The <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro puts diagnostic tests into programs; it expands to a void expression. When it is executed, if <code class="sourceCode default">expression</code> (which shall have a scalar type) is false (that is, compares equal to 0), the <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro writes information about the particular call that failed (including the text of the argument, the name of the source file, the source line number, and the name of the enclosing function – the latter are respectively the values of the preprocessing macros <code class="sourceCode default">__FILE__</code> and <code class="sourceCode default">__LINE__</code> and of the identifier <code class="sourceCode default">__func__</code>) on the standard error stream in an implementation-defined format.<a href="#fn1" class="footnote-ref" id="fnref1" role="doc-noteref"><sup>1</sup></a> It then calls the <code class="sourceCode default">abort</code> function.</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong></p>
<p><span class="marginalizedparent"><a class="marginalized">3</a></span>The <code class="sourceCode default">assert</code> macro returns no value.</p>
<p><strong>Forward references:</strong> the <code class="sourceCode default">abort</code> function (7.22.4.1).</p>
<h1 data-number="7" id="acknowledgements"><span class="header-section-number">7</span> Acknowledgements<a href="#acknowledgements" class="self-link"></a></h1>
<p>Many thanks to Shafik Yaghmour and other Twitterers for inspiring this “janitorial” clean up paper.</p>
<p>Thanks to the reviewers and discussion participants in LEWG, SG22 and WG14.</p>
<h1 data-number="8" id="example-implementation-bsd-license-on-macos"><span class="header-section-number">8</span> Example implementation (BSD license on MacOS)<a href="#example-implementation-bsd-license-on-macos" class="self-link"></a></h1>
<p>The implementation and some simple tests for checking for the non-compilability of calling <code class="sourceCode default">assert()</code> with the wrong number of arguments are in <a href="https://github.com/PeterSommerlad/SC22WG21_Papers/tree/master/workspace/p2264_test_for_assert_dotdotdot_on_my_machine">https://github.com/PeterSommerlad/SC22WG21_Papers/tree/master/workspace/p2264_test_for_assert_dotdotdot_on_my_machine</a>.</p>
<p>Here are the key changes. I introduced</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb13"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb13-1"><a href="#cb13-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifdef NDEBUG</span></span>
<span id="cb13-2"><a href="#cb13-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb13-3"><a href="#cb13-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#else</span></span>
<span id="cb13-4"><a href="#cb13-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb13-5"><a href="#cb13-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifndef CHECK_SINGLE_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_PASSED_TO_ASSERT_DEFINED</span></span>
<span id="cb13-6"><a href="#cb13-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define CHECK_SINGLE_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_PASSED_TO_ASSERT_DEFINED</span></span>
<span id="cb13-7"><a href="#cb13-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifdef __cplusplus</span></span>
<span id="cb13-8"><a href="#cb13-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#if </span><span class="ot">__cplusplus</span><span class="pp"> &gt;= 201103L</span></span>
<span id="cb13-9"><a href="#cb13-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">constexpr</span> </span>
<span id="cb13-10"><a href="#cb13-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif  </span></span>
<span id="cb13-11"><a href="#cb13-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="dt">bool</span> __check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">bool</span> b<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span> <span class="cf">return</span> b; <span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb13-12"><a href="#cb13-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#else</span></span>
<span id="cb13-13"><a href="#cb13-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="dt">int</span> __check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">int</span> b<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span> <span class="cf">return</span> b; <span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb13-14"><a href="#cb13-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// need to have one extern declaration of inline function introduced</span></span>
<span id="cb13-15"><a href="#cb13-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// to prevent linker errors. did not patch my libc for that.</span></span>
<span id="cb13-16"><a href="#cb13-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="dt">int</span> __check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">int</span> b<span class="op">)</span>;</span>
<span id="cb13-17"><a href="#cb13-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif</span></span>
<span id="cb13-18"><a href="#cb13-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* CHECK_SINGLE_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_PASSED_TO_ASSERT_DEFINED */</span></span>
<span id="cb13-19"><a href="#cb13-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb13-20"><a href="#cb13-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span><span class="pp">  </span>\</span>
<span id="cb13-21"><a href="#cb13-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">    </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span>__check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="ot">__VA_ARGS__</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">?</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">:</span><span class="pp"> </span>__assert<span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="pp">#</span>_VA_ARGS__,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">__FILE__</span>,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">__LINE__</span><span class="op">)))</span></span></code></pre></div>
<p>Full file:</p>
<div class="sourceCode" id="cb14"><pre class="sourceCode cpp"><code class="sourceCode cpp"><span id="cb14-1"><a href="#cb14-1" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">/*-</span></span>
<span id="cb14-2"><a href="#cb14-2" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * Copyright (c) 1992, 1993</span></span>
<span id="cb14-3"><a href="#cb14-3" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *  The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-4"><a href="#cb14-4" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-5"><a href="#cb14-5" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed</span></span>
<span id="cb14-6"><a href="#cb14-6" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph</span></span>
<span id="cb14-7"><a href="#cb14-7" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with</span></span>
<span id="cb14-8"><a href="#cb14-8" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-9"><a href="#cb14-9" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *</span></span>
<span id="cb14-10"><a href="#cb14-10" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without</span></span>
<span id="cb14-11"><a href="#cb14-11" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions</span></span>
<span id="cb14-12"><a href="#cb14-12" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * are met:</span></span>
<span id="cb14-13"><a href="#cb14-13" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright</span></span>
<span id="cb14-14"><a href="#cb14-14" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-15"><a href="#cb14-15" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright</span></span>
<span id="cb14-16"><a href="#cb14-16" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the</span></span>
<span id="cb14-17"><a href="#cb14-17" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-18"><a href="#cb14-18" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software</span></span>
<span id="cb14-19"><a href="#cb14-19" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *    must display the following acknowledgement:</span></span>
<span id="cb14-20"><a href="#cb14-20" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *  This product includes software developed by the University of</span></span>
<span id="cb14-21"><a href="#cb14-21" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *  California, Berkeley and its contributors.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-22"><a href="#cb14-22" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors</span></span>
<span id="cb14-23"><a href="#cb14-23" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software</span></span>
<span id="cb14-24"><a href="#cb14-24" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *    without specific prior written permission.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-25"><a href="#cb14-25" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *</span></span>
<span id="cb14-26"><a href="#cb14-26" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS&#39;&#39; AND</span></span>
<span id="cb14-27"><a href="#cb14-27" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE</span></span>
<span id="cb14-28"><a href="#cb14-28" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE</span></span>
<span id="cb14-29"><a href="#cb14-29" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE</span></span>
<span id="cb14-30"><a href="#cb14-30" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL</span></span>
<span id="cb14-31"><a href="#cb14-31" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS</span></span>
<span id="cb14-32"><a href="#cb14-32" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)</span></span>
<span id="cb14-33"><a href="#cb14-33" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT</span></span>
<span id="cb14-34"><a href="#cb14-34" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY</span></span>
<span id="cb14-35"><a href="#cb14-35" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF</span></span>
<span id="cb14-36"><a href="#cb14-36" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * SUCH DAMAGE.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-37"><a href="#cb14-37" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *</span></span>
<span id="cb14-38"><a href="#cb14-38" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> *  @(#)assert.h    8.2 (Berkeley) 1/21/94</span></span>
<span id="cb14-39"><a href="#cb14-39" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * $FreeBSD: src/include/assert.h,v 1.4 2002/03/23 17:24:53 imp Exp $</span></span>
<span id="cb14-40"><a href="#cb14-40" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-41"><a href="#cb14-41" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-42"><a href="#cb14-42" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">&lt;sys/cdefs.h&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb14-43"><a href="#cb14-43" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifdef __cplusplus</span></span>
<span id="cb14-44"><a href="#cb14-44" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#include </span><span class="im">&lt;stdlib.h&gt;</span></span>
<span id="cb14-45"><a href="#cb14-45" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* __cplusplus */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-46"><a href="#cb14-46" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-47"><a href="#cb14-47" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">/*</span></span>
<span id="cb14-48"><a href="#cb14-48" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * Unlike other ANSI header files, &lt;assert.h&gt; may usefully be included</span></span>
<span id="cb14-49"><a href="#cb14-49" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> * multiple times, with and without NDEBUG defined.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-50"><a href="#cb14-50" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co"> */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-51"><a href="#cb14-51" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-52"><a href="#cb14-52" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#undef </span><span class="ot">assert</span></span>
<span id="cb14-53"><a href="#cb14-53" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#undef __assert</span></span>
<span id="cb14-54"><a href="#cb14-54" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-55"><a href="#cb14-55" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifdef NDEBUG</span></span>
<span id="cb14-56"><a href="#cb14-56" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb14-57"><a href="#cb14-57" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#else</span></span>
<span id="cb14-58"><a href="#cb14-58" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-59"><a href="#cb14-59" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifndef CHECK_SINGLE_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_PASSED_TO_ASSERT_DEFINED</span></span>
<span id="cb14-60"><a href="#cb14-60" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define CHECK_SINGLE_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_PASSED_TO_ASSERT_DEFINED</span></span>
<span id="cb14-61"><a href="#cb14-61" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifdef __cplusplus</span></span>
<span id="cb14-62"><a href="#cb14-62" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#if </span><span class="ot">__cplusplus</span><span class="pp"> &gt;= 201103L</span></span>
<span id="cb14-63"><a href="#cb14-63" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a> <span class="kw">constexpr</span> </span>
<span id="cb14-64"><a href="#cb14-64" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif  </span></span>
<span id="cb14-65"><a href="#cb14-65" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>  <span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="dt">bool</span> __check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">bool</span> b<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span> <span class="cf">return</span> b; <span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb14-66"><a href="#cb14-66" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#else</span></span>
<span id="cb14-67"><a href="#cb14-67" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">inline</span> <span class="dt">int</span> __check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">int</span> b<span class="op">)</span> <span class="op">{</span> <span class="cf">return</span> b; <span class="op">}</span></span>
<span id="cb14-68"><a href="#cb14-68" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// need to have one extern declaration of inline function introduced</span></span>
<span id="cb14-69"><a href="#cb14-69" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">// to prevent linker errors. did not patch my libc for that.</span></span>
<span id="cb14-70"><a href="#cb14-70" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="dt">int</span> __check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">int</span> b<span class="op">)</span>;</span>
<span id="cb14-71"><a href="#cb14-71" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif</span></span>
<span id="cb14-72"><a href="#cb14-72" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* CHECK_SINGLE_ASSERT_ARGUMENT_PASSED_TO_ASSERT_DEFINED */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-73"><a href="#cb14-73" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-74"><a href="#cb14-74" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifndef __GNUC__</span></span>
<span id="cb14-75"><a href="#cb14-75" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-76"><a href="#cb14-76" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>__BEGIN_DECLS</span>
<span id="cb14-77"><a href="#cb14-77" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifndef __cplusplus</span></span>
<span id="cb14-78"><a href="#cb14-78" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span> abort<span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span> __dead2;</span>
<span id="cb14-79"><a href="#cb14-79" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* !__cplusplus */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-80"><a href="#cb14-80" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">int</span>  printf<span class="op">(</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span> <span class="ex">__restrict</span>, <span class="op">...)</span>;</span>
<span id="cb14-81"><a href="#cb14-81" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>__END_DECLS</span>
<span id="cb14-82"><a href="#cb14-82" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-83"><a href="#cb14-83" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span><span class="pp">  </span>\</span>
<span id="cb14-84"><a href="#cb14-84" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">    </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span>__check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="ot">__VA_ARGS__</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">?</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">:</span><span class="pp"> </span>__assert<span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="pp">#</span>_VA_ARGS__,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">__FILE__</span>,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">__LINE__</span><span class="op">)))</span></span>
<span id="cb14-85"><a href="#cb14-85" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define __assert</span><span class="op">(</span>e,<span class="pp"> </span>file,<span class="pp"> </span>line<span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span>\</span>
<span id="cb14-86"><a href="#cb14-86" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">    </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span>printf<span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;</span><span class="sc">%s</span><span class="st">:</span><span class="sc">%u</span><span class="st">: failed assertion `</span><span class="sc">%s</span><span class="st">&#39;</span><span class="sc">\n</span><span class="st">&quot;</span>,<span class="pp"> </span>file,<span class="pp"> </span>line,<span class="pp"> </span>e<span class="op">)</span>,<span class="pp"> </span>abort<span class="op">())</span></span>
<span id="cb14-87"><a href="#cb14-87" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-88"><a href="#cb14-88" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#else </span><span class="co">/* __GNUC__ */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-89"><a href="#cb14-89" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-90"><a href="#cb14-90" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>__BEGIN_DECLS</span>
<span id="cb14-91"><a href="#cb14-91" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span> __assert_rtn<span class="op">(</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>, <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>, <span class="dt">int</span>, <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*)</span> __dead2 __disable_tail_calls;</span>
<span id="cb14-92"><a href="#cb14-92" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#if defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &amp;&amp; ((__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__-0) &lt; 1070)</span></span>
<span id="cb14-93"><a href="#cb14-93" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="dt">void</span> __eprintf<span class="op">(</span><span class="kw">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>, <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*</span>, <span class="dt">unsigned</span>, <span class="kw">const</span> <span class="dt">char</span> <span class="op">*)</span> __dead2;</span>
<span id="cb14-94"><a href="#cb14-94" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif</span></span>
<span id="cb14-95"><a href="#cb14-95" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a>__END_DECLS</span>
<span id="cb14-96"><a href="#cb14-96" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-97"><a href="#cb14-97" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#if defined(__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__) &amp;&amp; ((__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__-0) &lt; 1070)</span></span>
<span id="cb14-98"><a href="#cb14-98" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define __assert</span><span class="op">(</span>e,<span class="pp"> </span>file,<span class="pp"> </span>line<span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span>\</span>
<span id="cb14-99"><a href="#cb14-99" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">    </span>__eprintf<span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="st">&quot;</span><span class="sc">%s</span><span class="st">:</span><span class="sc">%u</span><span class="st">: failed assertion `</span><span class="sc">%s</span><span class="st">&#39;</span><span class="sc">\n</span><span class="st">&quot;</span>,<span class="pp"> </span>file,<span class="pp"> </span>line,<span class="pp"> </span>e<span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb14-100"><a href="#cb14-100" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#else</span></span>
<span id="cb14-101"><a href="#cb14-101" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="co">/* 8462256: modified __assert_rtn() replaces deprecated __eprintf() */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-102"><a href="#cb14-102" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define __assert</span><span class="op">(</span>e,<span class="pp"> </span>file,<span class="pp"> </span>line<span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span>\</span>
<span id="cb14-103"><a href="#cb14-103" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">    </span>__assert_rtn<span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">((</span><span class="kw">const</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="dt">char</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">*)-</span><span class="dv">1</span><span class="bu">L</span>,<span class="pp"> </span>file,<span class="pp"> </span>line,<span class="pp"> </span>e<span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb14-104"><a href="#cb14-104" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif</span></span>
<span id="cb14-105"><a href="#cb14-105" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-106"><a href="#cb14-106" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#if __DARWIN_UNIX03</span></span>
<span id="cb14-107"><a href="#cb14-107" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span><span class="pp"> </span>\</span>
<span id="cb14-108"><a href="#cb14-108" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">    </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu">__builtin_expect</span><span class="op">(!</span>__check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="ot">__VA_ARGS__</span><span class="op">)</span>,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">?</span><span class="pp"> </span>__assert_rtn<span class="op">(</span><span class="ot">__func__</span>,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">__FILE__</span>,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">__LINE__</span>,<span class="pp"> #</span><span class="ot">__VA_ARGS__</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">:</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb14-109"><a href="#cb14-109" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#else </span><span class="co">/* !__DARWIN_UNIX03 */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-110"><a href="#cb14-110" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define assert</span><span class="op">(...)</span><span class="pp">  </span>\</span>
<span id="cb14-111"><a href="#cb14-111" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">    </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="fu">__builtin_expect</span><span class="op">(!</span>__check_single_argument_passed_to_assert<span class="op">(</span><span class="ot">__VA_ARGS__</span><span class="op">)</span>,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">?</span><span class="pp"> </span>__assert<span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="pp">#</span><span class="ot">__VA_ARGS__</span>,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">__FILE__</span>,<span class="pp"> </span><span class="ot">__LINE__</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">:</span><span class="pp"> </span><span class="op">(</span><span class="dt">void</span><span class="op">)</span><span class="dv">0</span><span class="op">)</span></span>
<span id="cb14-112"><a href="#cb14-112" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* __DARWIN_UNIX03 */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-113"><a href="#cb14-113" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-114"><a href="#cb14-114" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* __GNUC__ */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-115"><a href="#cb14-115" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* NDEBUG */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-116"><a href="#cb14-116" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-117"><a href="#cb14-117" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifndef _ASSERT_H_</span></span>
<span id="cb14-118"><a href="#cb14-118" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define _ASSERT_H_</span></span>
<span id="cb14-119"><a href="#cb14-119" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-120"><a href="#cb14-120" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#ifndef __cplusplus</span></span>
<span id="cb14-121"><a href="#cb14-121" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#if defined(</span><span class="ot">__STDC_VERSION__</span><span class="pp">) &amp;&amp; </span><span class="ot">__STDC_VERSION__</span><span class="pp"> &gt;= 201112L</span></span>
<span id="cb14-122"><a href="#cb14-122" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#define static_assert </span>_Static_assert</span>
<span id="cb14-123"><a href="#cb14-123" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* __STDC_VERSION__ */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-124"><a href="#cb14-124" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* !__cplusplus */</span></span>
<span id="cb14-125"><a href="#cb14-125" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a></span>
<span id="cb14-126"><a href="#cb14-126" aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"></a><span class="pp">#endif </span><span class="co">/* _ASSERT_H_ */</span></span></code></pre></div>
<section class="footnotes" role="doc-endnotes">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn1" role="doc-endnote"><p>The message might be of the form: <code class="sourceCode default">Assertion failed: _expression_ function _abc_, file _xyz_ line _nnn_.</code><a href="#fnref1" class="footnote-back" role="doc-backlink">↩︎</a></p></li>
</ol>
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