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    CWG Issue 271</TITLE>
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<P><EM>This is an unofficial snapshot of the ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21
  Core Issues List revision 118b.
  See http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/ for the official
  list.</EM></P>
<P>2025-09-28</P>
<HR>
<A NAME="271"></A><H4>271.
  
Explicit instantiation and template argument deduction
</H4>
<B>Section: </B>13.10.3&#160; [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.deduct">temp.deduct</A>]
 &#160;&#160;&#160;

 <B>Status: </B>CD6
 &#160;&#160;&#160;

 <B>Submitter: </B>John Spicer
 &#160;&#160;&#160;

 <B>Date: </B>20 Feb 2001<BR>


<P>[Accepted at the November, 2020 meeting as part of paper P1787R6 and
moved to DR at the February, 2021 meeting.]</P>



<P>Nicolai Josuttis sent me an example like the following:</P>

<PRE>
    template &lt;typename RET, typename T1, typename T2&gt;
    const RET&amp; min (const T1&amp; a, const T2&amp; b)
    {
	return (a &lt; b ? a : b);
    }
    template const int&amp; min&lt;int&gt;(const int&amp;,const int&amp;);  // #1
    template const int&amp; min(const int&amp;,const int&amp;);       // #2
</PRE>

<P>Among the questions was whether explicit instantiation #2 is valid,
where deduction is required to determine the type of <TT>RET</TT>.</P>

<P>The first thing I realized when researching this is that the standard
does not really spell out the rules for deduction in declarative
contexts (friend declarations, explicit specializations, and
explicit instantiations).  For explicit instantiations,
13.9.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.explicit#2">temp.explicit</A>] paragraph 2 does
mention deduction, but it doesn't say which set of deduction rules from
13.10.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.deduct">temp.deduct</A>] should be applied.</P>

<P>Second, Nicolai pointed out that
13.9.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.explicit#6">temp.explicit</A>] paragraph 6 says</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>
A trailing <I>template-argument</I>
can be left unspecified in an explicit instantiation provided it can
be deduced from the type of a function parameter
(13.10.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.deduct">temp.deduct</A>]).
</BLOCKQUOTE>

<P>This prohibits cases
like #2, but I believe this was not considered in the wording as there
is no reason not to include the return type in the deduction process.</P>

<P>I think there may have been some confusion because the return type is
excluded when doing deduction on a function call.  But there are
contexts where the return type is included in deduction, for example,
when taking the address of a function template specialization.</P>

<P>
<U>Suggested resolution</U>:</P>

<OL>

<LI>Update 13.10.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.deduct">temp.deduct</A>] to include a section
"Deducing template arguments from a declaration" that describes how
deduction is done when finding a template that matches a declaration.
This should, I believe, include the return type.</LI>

<LI>Update 13.9.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.explicit">temp.explicit</A>] to make reference to the new
rules in 13.10.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.deduct">temp.deduct</A>] and remove the description of
the deduction details from 13.9.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/temp.explicit">temp.explicit</A>] paragraph
6.</LI>

</OL>
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