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    CWG Issue 2879</TITLE>
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<P><EM>This is an unofficial snapshot of the ISO/IEC JTC1 SC22 WG21
  Core Issues List revision 118b.
  See http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/ for the official
  list.</EM></P>
<P>2025-09-28</P>
<HR>
<A NAME="2879"></A><H4>2879.
  
Undesired outcomes with <TT>const_cast</TT>
</H4>
<B>Section: </B>7.6.1.11&#160; [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast">expr.const.cast</A>]
 &#160;&#160;&#160;

 <B>Status: </B>CD7
 &#160;&#160;&#160;

 <B>Submitter: </B>Brian Bi
 &#160;&#160;&#160;

 <B>Date: </B>2024-04-15<BR>


<P>[Accepted as a DR at the November, 2024 meeting.]</P>

<P>(From submissions
<A HREF="https://github.com/cplusplus/CWG/issues/526">#526</A>,
<A HREF="https://github.com/cplusplus/CWG/issues/232">#232</A>, and
<A HREF="https://github.com/cplusplus/CWG/issues/342">#342</A>.)</P>

<P>The resolution of <A HREF="891.html">issue 891</A> intended to
make <TT>const_cast&lt;int&amp;&amp;&gt;(2)</TT> ill-formed.  However,
combined with the temporary materialization conversion turning
prvalues into glvalues (7.1 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.pre#7">expr.pre</A>] paragraph 7, this is now
well-formed.</P>

<P>Also, the current rules regrettably allow
<TT>const_cast&lt;int&gt;(0)</TT> and const_casts involving function
pointers and pointers to member functions. The latter is
non-normatively considered disallowed by the note in
7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#9">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 9.</P>

<P>Major implementations except MSVC agree with the proposed direction
of this issue.</P>

<P><U>Suggested resolution [SUPERSEDED]:</U></P>

<OL>
<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#3">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 3 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<P class="del">For two similar types T1 and T2 (7.3.6 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.qual">conv.qual</A>]), a
prvalue of type T1 may be explicitly converted to the type T2 using a
const_cast if, considering the qualification-decompositions of both
types, each Pi1 is the same as Pi2 for all i. The result of a
const_cast refers to the original entity.</P>

<P class="ins">
If <TT>T</TT> is an object pointer type or pointer to data member
type, the type of <TT>v</TT> shall be similar to <TT>T</TT> and the
corresponding P<SUB>i</SUB> components of the qualification
decompositions of <TT>T</TT> and the type of <TT>v</TT> shall be the same
(7.3.6 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.qual">conv.qual</A>]).
If <TT>v</TT> is a null pointer or null member pointer, the
result is a null pointer or null member pointer,
respectively. Otherwise, the result points to or past the end of the
same object or member, respectively, as <TT>v</TT>.
</P>

<P>[ Example: ... ]</P>

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#4">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 4 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<P class="del">
For two object types T1 and T2, if a pointer to T1 can be explicitly
converted to the type &#8220;pointer to T2&#8221; using a const_cast,
then the following conversions can also be made:</P>
<UL class="del">
<LI>an lvalue of type T1 can be explicitly converted to an lvalue of
type T2 using the cast const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&gt;;</LI>
<LI>a glvalue of type T1 can be
explicitly converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast
const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&amp;&gt;; and</LI>
<LI>if T1 is a class type, a prvalue of type T1 can be explicitly
converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast
const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&amp;&gt;.</LI>
</UL>
<P class="del">The result of a reference const_cast refers to the
original object if the operand is a glvalue and to the result of
applying the temporary materialization conversion
(7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) otherwise.
</P>

<P class="ins">
Otherwise, T shall be a reference type. Let T1 be the type of v and T2
be the type referred to by T. A const_cast from "pointer to T1" to
"pointer to T2" shall be valid. If T is an lvalue reference type, v
shall be an lvalue. Otherwise, if T2 is a class type and v is a
prvalue, the temporary materialization conversion
(7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) is applied. Otherwise, the temporary
materialization conversion is not applied and v shall be a
glvalue. The result refers to the same object as the (possibly
converted) operand.
</P>

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Remove 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#5">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 5:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE class="del">

A null pointer value (6.9.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/basic.compound">basic.compound</A>]) is converted to the
null pointer value of the destination type. The null member pointer
value (7.3.13 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.mem">conv.mem</A>]) is converted to the null member
pointer value of the destination type.

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>
</OL>

<P><U>Suggested resolution [SUPERSEDED]:</U></P>

<OL>
<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#1">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 1 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

The result of the expression const_cast&lt;T&gt;(v) is of type T. If T
is an lvalue reference to object type, the result is an lvalue; if T
is an rvalue reference to object type, the result is an xvalue;
otherwise, the result is a prvalue and the lvalue-to-rvalue
(7.3.2 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.lval">conv.lval</A>]), array-to-pointer
(7.3.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.array">conv.array</A>]), and function-to-pointer
(7.3.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.func">conv.func</A>]) standard conversions are performed on the
expression v. <INS>The temporary materialization conversion
(7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) is not performed on <TT>v</TT>, other
than as specified below.</INS> Conversions that can be performed
explicitly using const_cast are listed below. No other conversion
shall be performed explicitly using const_cast.

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#3">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 3 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

For two similar <INS>object pointer or pointer to data member</INS>
types T1 and T2 (7.3.6 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.qual">conv.qual</A>]), a prvalue of type
T1 <DEL>may</DEL> <INS>can</INS> be explicitly converted to the type
T2 using a const_cast if, considering the qualification-decompositions
of both types, each Pi1 is the same as Pi2 for all i. <DEL>The result of a
const_cast refers to the original entity.</DEL>
<INS>If <TT>v</TT> is a null pointer or null member pointer, the
result is a null pointer or null member pointer,
respectively. Otherwise, the result points to or past the end of the
same object, or points to the same member, respectively,
as <TT>v</TT>.</INS>

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#4">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 4 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

For two object types T1 and T2, if a pointer to T1 can be explicitly
converted to the type &#8220;pointer to T2&#8221; using a const_cast,
then the following conversions can also be made:
<UL>
<LI>an lvalue of type T1 can be explicitly converted to an lvalue of
type T2 using the cast const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&gt;;</LI>
<LI>a glvalue of type T1 can be
explicitly converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast
const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&amp;&gt;; and</LI>
<LI>if T1 is a class type, a prvalue of type T1 can be explicitly
converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast
const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&amp;&gt;. <INS>The temporary materialization
conversion is performed on <TT>v</TT></INS>.</LI>
</UL>
The result <DEL>of a reference const_cast</DEL> refers to the
<DEL>original</DEL> <INS>same</INS> object <DEL>if</DEL> <INS>as</INS>
the <INS>(possibly converted)</INS> operand <DEL>is a glvalue and to
the result of applying the temporary materialization conversion
(7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) otherwise</DEL>.

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Remove 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#5">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 5:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE class="del">

A null pointer value (6.9.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/basic.compound">basic.compound</A>]) is converted to the
null pointer value of the destination type. The null member pointer
value (7.3.13 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.mem">conv.mem</A>]) is converted to the null member
pointer value of the destination type.

</BLOCKQUOTE>

</LI>
</OL>

<P><B>CWG 2024-05-31</B></P>

<P>The existing example in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#3">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 3
shows the temporary materialization conversion applied to an array
type.  The example would be made ill-formed by the suggested
resolution above.  More investigation is advised.</P>

<P><U>Suggested resolution [SUPERSEDED]:</U></P>

<OL>
<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#1">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 1 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

The result of the expression const_cast&lt;T&gt;(v) is of type T. If T
is an lvalue reference to object type, the result is an lvalue; if T
is an rvalue reference to object type, the result is an xvalue;
otherwise, the result is a prvalue and the lvalue-to-rvalue
(7.3.2 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.lval">conv.lval</A>]), array-to-pointer
(7.3.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.array">conv.array</A>]), and function-to-pointer
(7.3.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.func">conv.func</A>]) standard conversions are performed on the
expression v. <INS>The temporary materialization conversion
(7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) is not performed on <TT>v</TT>, other
than as specified below.</INS> Conversions that can be performed
explicitly using const_cast are listed below. No other conversion
shall be performed explicitly using const_cast.

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#3">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 3 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

For two similar <INS>object pointer or pointer to data member</INS>
types T1 and T2 (7.3.6 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.qual">conv.qual</A>]), a prvalue of type
T1 <DEL>may</DEL> <INS>can</INS> be explicitly converted to the type
T2 using a const_cast if, considering the qualification-decompositions
of both types, each Pi1 is the same as Pi2 for all i. <DEL>The result of a
const_cast refers to the original entity.</DEL>
<INS>If <TT>v</TT> is a null pointer or null member pointer, the
result is a null pointer or null member pointer,
respectively. Otherwise, the result points to or past the end of the
same object, or points to the same member, respectively,
as <TT>v</TT>.</INS>

<DEL>[Example 1:</DEL>
<PRE class="del">
  typedef int *A[3];                //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 pointer to int</SPAN>
  typedef const int *const CA[3];   //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 const pointer to const int</SPAN>
  CA &amp;&amp;r = A{};        //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> OK, reference binds to temporary array object</SPAN>
                       //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> after qualification conversion to type CA</SPAN>
  A &amp;&amp;r1 = const_cast&lt;A&gt;(CA{});     //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> error: temporary array decayed to pointer</SPAN>

  A &amp;&amp;r2 = const_cast&lt;A&amp;&amp;&gt;(CA{});    //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> OK</SPAN>
</PRE>
<DEL>-- end example]</DEL>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#4">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 4 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

For two object types T1 and T2, if a pointer to T1 can be explicitly
converted to the type &#8220;pointer to T2&#8221; using a const_cast,
then the following conversions can also be made:
<UL>
<LI>an lvalue of type T1 can be explicitly converted to an lvalue of
type T2 using the cast const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&gt;;</LI>
<LI>a glvalue of type T1 can be
explicitly converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast
const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&amp;&gt;; and</LI>
<LI>if T1 is a class <INS>or array</INS> type, a prvalue of type T1 can be explicitly
converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast
const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&amp;&gt;. <INS>The temporary materialization
conversion is performed on <TT>v</TT></INS>.</LI>
</UL>
The result <DEL>of a reference const_cast</DEL> refers to the
<DEL>original</DEL> <INS>same</INS> object <DEL>if</DEL> <INS>as</INS>
the <INS>(possibly converted)</INS> operand <DEL>is a glvalue and to
the result of applying the temporary materialization conversion
(7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) otherwise</DEL>.

<P class="ins">[Example 2:</P>
<PRE class="ins">
  typedef int *A[3];                //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 pointer to int</SPAN>
  typedef const int *const CA[3];   //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 const pointer to const int</SPAN>

  auto &amp;&amp;r2 = const_cast&lt;A&amp;&amp;&gt;(CA{}); //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> OK, temporary materialization conversion is performed</SPAN>
</PRE>
<P class="ins">-- end example]</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Remove 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#5">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 5:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE class="del">

A null pointer value (6.9.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/basic.compound">basic.compound</A>]) is converted to the
null pointer value of the destination type. The null member pointer
value (7.3.13 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.mem">conv.mem</A>]) is converted to the null member
pointer value of the destination type.

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 9.5.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/dcl.init.ref#5.3">dcl.init.ref</A>] bullet 5.3 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>
[Example 5: ...
<PRE>
  constexpr int f() {
    const int &amp;x = 42;
    const_cast&lt;int &amp;&gt;(x) = 1;  //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> undefined behavior</SPAN>
    return x;
  }
  constexpr int z = f();          //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> error: not a constant expression</SPAN>
</PRE>
<PRE class="ins">
  typedef int *AP[3];        //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 pointer to int</SPAN>
  typedef const int *const ACPC[3]; //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 const pointer to const int</SPAN>
  ACPC &amp;&amp;r = AP{};          //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> binds directly</SPAN>
</PRE>
-- end example]
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>
</OL>

<P>This resolution also resolve <A HREF="1965.html">issue 1965</A>.</P>

<P><B>CWG 2024-10-11</B></P>

<P>Subclause 7.2.1 [<A href="https://wg21.link/basic.lval#7">basic.lval</A>] paragraph 7 should be amended
with "unless otherwise specified" and cross-references to the exceptions.</P>

<P><B>Proposed resolution (approved by CWG 2024-10-25)</B></P>

<OL>
<LI>
<P>Change in 7.2.1 [<A href="https://wg21.link/basic.lval#7">basic.lval</A>] paragraph 7 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

<DEL>Whenever</DEL> <INS>Unless otherwise specified
(7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast">expr.const.cast</A>]), whenever</INS> a prvalue appears as
an operand of an operator that expects a glvalue for that operand, the
temporary materialization conversion (7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) is
applied to convert the expression to an xvalue.

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#1">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 1 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

The result of the expression const_cast&lt;T&gt;(v) is of type T. If T
is an lvalue reference to object type, the result is an lvalue; if T
is an rvalue reference to object type, the result is an xvalue;
otherwise, the result is a prvalue and the lvalue-to-rvalue
(7.3.2 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.lval">conv.lval</A>]), array-to-pointer
(7.3.3 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.array">conv.array</A>]), and function-to-pointer
(7.3.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.func">conv.func</A>]) standard conversions are performed on the
expression v. <INS>The temporary materialization conversion
(7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) is not performed on <TT>v</TT>, other
than as specified below.</INS> Conversions that can be performed
explicitly using const_cast are listed below. No other conversion
shall be performed explicitly using const_cast.

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#3">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 3 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

For two similar <INS>object pointer or pointer to data member</INS>
types T1 and T2 (7.3.6 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.qual">conv.qual</A>]), a prvalue of type
T1 <DEL>may</DEL> <INS>can</INS> be explicitly converted to the type
T2 using a const_cast if, considering the qualification-decompositions
of both types, each Pi1 is the same as Pi2 for all i. <DEL>The result of a
const_cast refers to the original entity.</DEL>
<INS>If <TT>v</TT> is a null pointer or null member pointer, the
result is a null pointer or null member pointer,
respectively. Otherwise, the result points to or past the end of the
same object, or points to the same member, respectively,
as <TT>v</TT>.</INS>

<DEL>[Example 1:</DEL>
<PRE class="del">
  typedef int *A[3];                //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 pointer to int</SPAN>
  typedef const int *const CA[3];   //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 const pointer to const int</SPAN>
  CA &amp;&amp;r = A{};        //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> OK, reference binds to temporary array object</SPAN>
                       //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> after qualification conversion to type CA</SPAN>
  A &amp;&amp;r1 = const_cast&lt;A&gt;(CA{});     //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> error: temporary array decayed to pointer</SPAN>

  A &amp;&amp;r2 = const_cast&lt;A&amp;&amp;&gt;(CA{});    //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> OK</SPAN>
</PRE>
<DEL>-- end example]</DEL>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#4">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 4 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>

For two object types T1 and T2, if a pointer to T1 can be explicitly
converted to the type &#8220;pointer to T2&#8221; using a const_cast,
then the following conversions can also be made:
<UL>
<LI>an lvalue of type T1 can be explicitly converted to an lvalue of
type T2 using the cast const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&gt;;</LI>
<LI>a glvalue of type T1 can be
explicitly converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast
const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&amp;&gt;; and</LI>
<LI>if T1 is a class <INS>or array</INS> type, a prvalue of type T1 can be explicitly
converted to an xvalue of type T2 using the cast
const_cast&lt;T2&amp;&amp;&gt;. <INS>The temporary materialization
conversion is performed on <TT>v</TT></INS>.</LI>
</UL>
The result <DEL>of a reference const_cast</DEL> refers to the
<DEL>original</DEL> <INS>same</INS> object <DEL>if</DEL> <INS>as</INS>
the <INS>(possibly converted)</INS> operand <DEL>is a glvalue and to
the result of applying the temporary materialization conversion
(7.3.5 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.rval">conv.rval</A>]) otherwise</DEL>.

<P class="ins">[Example 2:</P>
<PRE class="ins">
  typedef int *A[3];                //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 pointer to int</SPAN>
  typedef const int *const CA[3];   //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 const pointer to const int</SPAN>

  auto &amp;&amp;r2 = const_cast&lt;A&amp;&amp;&gt;(CA{}); //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> OK, temporary materialization conversion is performed</SPAN>
</PRE>
<P class="ins">-- end example]</P>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Remove 7.6.1.11 [<A href="https://wg21.link/expr.const.cast#5">expr.const.cast</A>] paragraph 5:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE class="del">

A null pointer value (6.9.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/basic.compound">basic.compound</A>]) is converted to the
null pointer value of the destination type. The null member pointer
value (7.3.13 [<A href="https://wg21.link/conv.mem">conv.mem</A>]) is converted to the null member
pointer value of the destination type.

</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>

<LI>
<P>Change in 9.5.4 [<A href="https://wg21.link/dcl.init.ref#5.3">dcl.init.ref</A>] bullet 5.3 as follows:</P>

<BLOCKQUOTE>
[Example 5: ...
<PRE>
  constexpr int f() {
    const int &amp;x = 42;
    const_cast&lt;int &amp;&gt;(x) = 1;  //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> undefined behavior</SPAN>
    return x;
  }
  constexpr int z = f();          //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> error: not a constant expression</SPAN>
</PRE>
<PRE class="ins">
  typedef int *AP[3];        //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 pointer to int</SPAN>
  typedef const int *const ACPC[3]; //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> array of 3 const pointer to const int</SPAN>
  ACPC &amp;&amp;r = AP{};          //<SPAN CLASS="cmnt"> binds directly</SPAN>
</PRE>
-- end example]
</BLOCKQUOTE>
</LI>
</OL>

<P>This resolution also resolve <A HREF="1965.html">issue 1965</A>.</P>

<BR><BR>
</BODY>
</HTML>
