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  <title>Nested-name-specifier is not mentioned for member definition outside its target scope · Issue #4592 · cplusplus/draft · GitHub</title>



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    <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DiscussionForumPosting","headline":"Nested-name-specifier is not mentioned for member definition outside its target scope","articleBody":"In c++20 standard, For the member functions or static member data which are these members that can be defined outside its enclosing class,  it has a normative rule for how to define them outside the enclosing class, they are\r\nFor member functions   \r\n[class#mfct-3](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#mfct-3)  \r\n\u003e If the definition of a member function is lexically outside its class definition, the member function name shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​ operator. \r\n\r\nFor static data member    \r\n[class#static.data-3](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#static.data-3)\r\n\u003e In the definition at namespace scope, the name of the static data member shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​operator.  \r\n\r\nAs well as the definition of members of a namespace   \r\n[namespace.memdef#2](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/namespace.memdef#2)   \r\n\u003e Members of a named namespace can also be defined outside that namespace by explicit qualification ([namespace.qual]) of the name being defined, provided that the entity being defined was already declared in the namespace and the definition appears after the point of declaration in a namespace that encloses the declaration's namespace.  \r\n\r\nI tried to find out the alternative normative rule in the current draft that can replace these omission rules, however, I don't find them out. Is it considered a bit radical modification that excises these rules?","author":{"url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","@type":"Person","name":"xmh0511"},"datePublished":"2021-04-23T09:38:44.000Z","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":18},"url":"https://github.com/4592/draft/issues/4592"}</script> 
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    <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="platform-integrations-heading">Integrations</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="platform-integrations-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_marketplace&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_marketplace_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/marketplace">
      GitHub Marketplace

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/mcp">
      MCP Registry

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

          <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold">
            <a data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_features&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_features_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features">
              View all features
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon">
    <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</a>          </div>
      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Solutions
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
    <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 dropdown-menu-wide">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-company-size-heading">By company size</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-company-size-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprises&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprises_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/enterprise">
      Enterprises

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/team">
      Small and medium teams

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;startups&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;startups_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/enterprise/startups">
      Startups

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;nonprofits&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;nonprofits_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/nonprofits">
      Nonprofits

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-use-case-heading">By use case</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-use-case-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;app_modernization&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;app_modernization_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/app-modernization">
      App Modernization

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devsecops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devsecops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/devsecops">
      DevSecOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/devops">
      DevOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci_cd&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci_cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/ci-cd">
      CI/CD

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case">
      View all use cases

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-industry-heading">By industry</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-industry-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/healthcare">
      Healthcare

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/financial-services">
      Financial services

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/manufacturing">
      Manufacturing

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/government">
      Government

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry">
      View all industries

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

          <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold">
            <a data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions">
              View all solutions
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon">
    <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</a>          </div>
      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Resources
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
    <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 dropdown-menu-wide">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-topics-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ai_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/ai">
      AI

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/devops">
      DevOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;security_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/security">
      Security

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;software_development&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;software_development_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/software-development">
      Software Development

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles">
      View all

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-explore-heading">Explore</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-explore-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;learning_pathways&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;learning_pathways_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://resources.github.com/learn/pathways">
      Learning Pathways

    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle">
    <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;events_amp_webinars&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;events_amp_webinars_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/resources/events">
      Events &amp; Webinars

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ebooks_amp_whitepapers&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ebooks_amp_whitepapers_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/resources/whitepapers">
      Ebooks &amp; Whitepapers

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;customer_stories&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;customer_stories_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/customer-stories">
      Customer Stories

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;partners&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;partners_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/partners">
      Partners

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;executive_insights&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;executive_insights_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights">
      Executive Insights

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Open Source
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
    <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom mb-3 mb-lg-3 pb-3">

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" >
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_sponsors&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="/sponsors">
      
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          GitHub Sponsors

        </div>

        Fund open source developers
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom mb-3 mb-lg-3 pb-3">

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" >
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;the_readme_project&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/readme">
      
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          The ReadME Project

        </div>

        GitHub community articles
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom border-bottom-0">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;topics&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;topics_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/topics">
      Topics

    
</a></li>

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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;trending&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;trending_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/trending">
      Trending

    
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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;collections&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;collections_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/collections">
      Collections

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
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            </div>
        </div>

      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Enterprise
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
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</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom mb-3 mb-lg-3 pb-3">

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" >
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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="/enterprise">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-stack color-fg-subtle mr-3">
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</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          Enterprise platform

        </div>

        AI-powered developer platform
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom border-bottom-0">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="enterprise-available-add-ons-heading">Available add-ons</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="enterprise-available-add-ons-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description mb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3">
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</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          GitHub Advanced Security

        </div>

        Enterprise-grade security features
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description mb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;copilot_for_business&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;copilot_for_business_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="/features/copilot/copilot-business">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3">
    <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path>
</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          Copilot for business

        </div>

        Enterprise-grade AI features
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;premium_support&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;premium_support_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="/premium-support">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3">
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</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          Premium Support

        </div>

        Enterprise-grade 24/7 support
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
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        </div>

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</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
    <a class="HeaderMenu-link no-underline px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 d-block d-lg-inline-block" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;global&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;platform_link_global_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/pricing">Pricing</a>
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        <div class="d-flex flex-column flex-lg-row width-full flex-justify-end flex-lg-items-center text-center mt-3 mt-lg-0 text-lg-left ml-lg-3">
                


<qbsearch-input class="search-input" data-scope="repo:cplusplus/draft" data-custom-scopes-path="/search/custom_scopes" data-delete-custom-scopes-csrf="k_Vn5w4NrSSKmy-_Fq0f6emT11_q08m1g_BwddQfykVDi-Mo0wVxY-7DJW4nVOuoCGehWvw127cII5pK6r9Jpg" data-max-custom-scopes="10" data-header-redesign-enabled="false" data-initial-value="" data-blackbird-suggestions-path="/search/suggestions" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" data-current-repository="cplusplus/draft" data-current-org="cplusplus" data-current-owner="" data-logged-in="false" data-copilot-chat-enabled="false" data-nl-search-enabled="false" data-retain-scroll-position="true">
  <div
    class="search-input-container search-with-dialog position-relative d-flex flex-row flex-items-center mr-4 rounded"
    data-action="click:qbsearch-input#searchInputContainerClicked"
  >
      <button
        type="button"
        class="header-search-button placeholder  input-button form-control d-flex flex-1 flex-self-stretch flex-items-center no-wrap width-full py-0 pl-2 pr-0 text-left border-0 box-shadow-none"
        data-target="qbsearch-input.inputButton"
        aria-label="Search or jump to…"
        aria-haspopup="dialog"
        placeholder="Search or jump to..."
        data-hotkey=s,/
        autocapitalize="off"
        data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;searchbar&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;global&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;input&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;searchbar_input_global_navbar&quot;}"
        data-action="click:qbsearch-input#handleExpand"
      >
        <div class="mr-2 color-fg-muted">
          <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search">
    <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path>
</svg>
        </div>
        <span class="flex-1" data-target="qbsearch-input.inputButtonText">Search or jump to...</span>
          <div class="d-flex" data-target="qbsearch-input.hotkeyIndicator">
            <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
          </div>
      </button>

    <input type="hidden" name="type" class="js-site-search-type-field">

    
<div class="Overlay--hidden " data-modal-dialog-overlay>
  <modal-dialog data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleClose" data-target="qbsearch-input.searchSuggestionsDialog" role="dialog" id="search-suggestions-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="search-suggestions-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto">
      <h1 id="search-suggestions-dialog-header" class="sr-only">Search code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...</h1>
    <div class="Overlay-body Overlay-body--paddingNone">
      
          <div data-view-component="true">        <div class="search-suggestions position-fixed width-full color-shadow-large border color-fg-default color-bg-default overflow-hidden d-flex flex-column query-builder-container"
          style="border-radius: 12px;"
          data-target="qbsearch-input.queryBuilderContainer"
          hidden
        >
          <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="query-builder-test-form" action="" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get">
  <query-builder data-target="qbsearch-input.queryBuilder" id="query-builder-query-builder-test" data-filter-key=":" data-view-component="true" class="QueryBuilder search-query-builder">
    <div class="FormControl FormControl--fullWidth">
      <label id="query-builder-test-label" for="query-builder-test" class="FormControl-label sr-only">
        Search
      </label>
      <div
        class="QueryBuilder-StyledInput width-fit "
        data-target="query-builder.styledInput"
      >
          <span id="query-builder-test-leadingvisual-wrap" class="FormControl-input-leadingVisualWrap QueryBuilder-leadingVisualWrap">
            <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search FormControl-input-leadingVisual">
    <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path>
</svg>
          </span>
        <div data-target="query-builder.styledInputContainer" class="QueryBuilder-StyledInputContainer">
          <div
            aria-hidden="true"
            class="QueryBuilder-StyledInputContent"
            data-target="query-builder.styledInputContent"
          ></div>
          <div class="QueryBuilder-InputWrapper">
            <div aria-hidden="true" class="QueryBuilder-Sizer" data-target="query-builder.sizer"></div>
            <input id="query-builder-test" name="query-builder-test" value="" autocomplete="off" type="text" role="combobox" spellcheck="false" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="validation-242eb443-b9bb-46ac-ba01-ba16187d21c4" data-target="query-builder.input" data-action="
          input:query-builder#inputChange
          blur:query-builder#inputBlur
          keydown:query-builder#inputKeydown
          focus:query-builder#inputFocus
        " data-view-component="true" class="FormControl-input QueryBuilder-Input FormControl-medium" />
          </div>
        </div>
          <span class="sr-only" id="query-builder-test-clear">Clear</span>
          <button role="button" id="query-builder-test-clear-button" aria-labelledby="query-builder-test-clear query-builder-test-label" data-target="query-builder.clearButton" data-action="
                click:query-builder#clear
                focus:query-builder#clearButtonFocus
                blur:query-builder#clearButtonBlur
              " variant="small" hidden="hidden" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium mr-1 px-2 py-0 d-flex flex-items-center rounded-1 color-fg-muted">  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x-circle-fill Button-visual">
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</svg>
</button>

      </div>
      <template id="search-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search">
    <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="code-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code">
    <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="file-code-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-code">
    <path d="M4 1.75C4 .784 4.784 0 5.75 0h5.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 15h-9a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h9a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 10 4.25V1.5H5.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0Zm1.72 4.97a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734l1.47-1.47-1.47-1.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06ZM3.28 7.78 1.81 9.25l1.47 1.47a.751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Zm8.22-6.218V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="history-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history">
    <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="repo-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo">
    <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="bookmark-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bookmark">
    <path d="M3 2.75C3 1.784 3.784 1 4.75 1h6.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v11.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.227.579L8 11.722l-3.773 3.107A.751.751 0 0 1 3 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v9.91l3.023-2.489a.75.75 0 0 1 .954 0l3.023 2.49V2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="plus-circle-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-plus-circle">
    <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm7.25-3.25v2.5h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.5v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="circle-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill">
    <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="trash-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-trash">
    <path d="M11 1.75V3h2.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H2.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5H5V1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h2.5C10.216 0 11 .784 11 1.75ZM4.496 6.675l.66 6.6a.25.25 0 0 0 .249.225h5.19a.25.25 0 0 0 .249-.225l.66-6.6a.75.75 0 0 1 1.492.149l-.66 6.6A1.748 1.748 0 0 1 10.595 15h-5.19a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.741-1.575l-.66-6.6a.75.75 0 1 1 1.492-.15ZM6.5 1.75V3h3V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-2.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="team-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-people">
    <path d="M2 5.5a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 5.898 2.549 5.508 5.508 0 0 1 3.034 4.084.75.75 0 1 1-1.482.235 4 4 0 0 0-7.9 0 .75.75 0 0 1-1.482-.236A5.507 5.507 0 0 1 3.102 8.05 3.493 3.493 0 0 1 2 5.5ZM11 4a3.001 3.001 0 0 1 2.22 5.018 5.01 5.01 0 0 1 2.56 3.012.749.749 0 0 1-.885.954.752.752 0 0 1-.549-.514 3.507 3.507 0 0 0-2.522-2.372.75.75 0 0 1-.574-.73v-.352a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-.672A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 11 5.5.75.75 0 0 1 11 4Zm-5.5-.5a2 2 0 1 0-.001 3.999A2 2 0 0 0 5.5 3.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="project-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project">
    <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="pencil-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-pencil">
    <path d="M11.013 1.427a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2.474 0l1.086 1.086a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-8.61 8.61c-.21.21-.47.364-.756.445l-3.251.93a.75.75 0 0 1-.927-.928l.929-3.25c.081-.286.235-.547.445-.758l8.61-8.61Zm.176 4.823L9.75 4.81l-6.286 6.287a.253.253 0 0 0-.064.108l-.558 1.953 1.953-.558a.253.253 0 0 0 .108-.064Zm1.238-3.763a.25.25 0 0 0-.354 0L10.811 3.75l1.439 1.44 1.263-1.263a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="copilot-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot">
    <path d="M7.998 15.035c-4.562 0-7.873-2.914-7.998-3.749V9.338c.085-.628.677-1.686 1.588-2.065.013-.07.024-.143.036-.218.029-.183.06-.384.126-.612-.201-.508-.254-1.084-.254-1.656 0-.87.128-1.769.693-2.484.579-.733 1.494-1.124 2.724-1.261 1.206-.134 2.262.034 2.944.765.05.053.096.108.139.165.044-.057.094-.112.143-.165.682-.731 1.738-.899 2.944-.765 1.23.137 2.145.528 2.724 1.261.566.715.693 1.614.693 2.484 0 .572-.053 1.148-.254 1.656.066.228.098.429.126.612.012.076.024.148.037.218.924.385 1.522 1.471 1.591 2.095v1.872c0 .766-3.351 3.795-8.002 3.795Zm0-1.485c2.28 0 4.584-1.11 5.002-1.433V7.862l-.023-.116c-.49.21-1.075.291-1.727.291-1.146 0-2.059-.327-2.71-.991A3.222 3.222 0 0 1 8 6.303a3.24 3.24 0 0 1-.544.743c-.65.664-1.563.991-2.71.991-.652 0-1.236-.081-1.727-.291l-.023.116v4.255c.419.323 2.722 1.433 5.002 1.433ZM6.762 2.83c-.193-.206-.637-.413-1.682-.297-1.019.113-1.479.404-1.713.7-.247.312-.369.789-.369 1.554 0 .793.129 1.171.308 1.371.162.181.519.379 1.442.379.853 0 1.339-.235 1.638-.54.315-.322.527-.827.617-1.553.117-.935-.037-1.395-.241-1.614Zm4.155-.297c-1.044-.116-1.488.091-1.681.297-.204.219-.359.679-.242 1.614.091.726.303 1.231.618 1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Z"></path><path d="M6.25 9.037a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.25.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="copilot-error-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot-error">
    <path d="M16 11.24c0 .112-.072.274-.21.467L13 9.688V7.862l-.023-.116c-.49.21-1.075.291-1.727.291-.198 0-.388-.009-.571-.029L6.833 5.226a4.01 4.01 0 0 0 .17-.782c.117-.935-.037-1.395-.241-1.614-.193-.206-.637-.413-1.682-.297-.683.076-1.115.231-1.395.415l-1.257-.91c.579-.564 1.413-.877 2.485-.996 1.206-.134 2.262.034 2.944.765.05.053.096.108.139.165.044-.057.094-.112.143-.165.682-.731 1.738-.899 2.944-.765 1.23.137 2.145.528 2.724 1.261.566.715.693 1.614.693 2.484 0 .572-.053 1.148-.254 1.656.066.228.098.429.126.612.012.076.024.148.037.218.924.385 1.522 1.471 1.591 2.095Zm-5.083-8.707c-1.044-.116-1.488.091-1.681.297-.204.219-.359.679-.242 1.614.091.726.303 1.231.618 1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Zm2.511 11.074c-1.393.776-3.272 1.428-5.43 1.428-4.562 0-7.873-2.914-7.998-3.749V9.338c.085-.628.677-1.686 1.588-2.065.013-.07.024-.143.036-.218.029-.183.06-.384.126-.612-.18-.455-.241-.963-.252-1.475L.31 4.107A.747.747 0 0 1 0 3.509V3.49a.748.748 0 0 1 .625-.73c.156-.026.306.047.435.139l14.667 10.578a.592.592 0 0 1 .227.264.752.752 0 0 1 .046.249v.022a.75.75 0 0 1-1.19.596Zm-1.367-.991L5.635 7.964a5.128 5.128 0 0 1-.889.073c-.652 0-1.236-.081-1.727-.291l-.023.116v4.255c.419.323 2.722 1.433 5.002 1.433 1.539 0 3.089-.505 4.063-.934Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="workflow-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow">
    <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h3.5C6.216 0 7 .784 7 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5.25 7H4v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4v-1.25C9 9.784 9.784 9 10.75 9h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16h-3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 14.25v-.75H5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 11V7h-.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 5.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm9 9a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="book-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book">
    <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.003 2.5H1.5v9h3.757a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 1.994.574ZM8.755 4.75l-.004 7.322a3.752 3.752 0 0 1 1.992-.572H14.5v-9h-3.495a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.25 2.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="code-review-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review">
    <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 13H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 14.543V13H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 11.25v-8.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Zm5.28 1.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06L5.31 7l1.47 1.47a.751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Zm2.44 0a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L10.69 7 9.22 5.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="codespaces-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces">
    <path d="M0 11.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm2-9.5C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h8.5C13.216 0 14 .784 14 1.75v5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 6.75Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M7 12.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="comment-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment">
    <path d="M1 2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h10.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 12H9.06l-2.573 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 4 13.543V12H2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1 10.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h4.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="comment-discussion-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion">
    <path d="M1.75 1h8.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 10.25 10H7.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 2 11.543V10h-.25A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 8.25v-5.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v5.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Zm13 2a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 12H14v1.543a1.458 1.458 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L9.22 12.28a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l2.22 2.22v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h1a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25Z"></path>
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</template>

<template id="organization-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-organization">
    <path d="M1.75 16A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h8.5C11.216 0 12 .784 12 1.75v12.5c0 .085-.006.168-.018.25h2.268a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V8.285a.25.25 0 0 0-.111-.208l-1.055-.703a.749.749 0 1 1 .832-1.248l1.055.703c.487.325.779.871.779 1.456v5.965A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16h-3.5a.766.766 0 0 1-.197-.026c-.099.017-.2.026-.303.026h-3a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V14h-1v1.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75Zm-.25-1.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H4v-1.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.25h2.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM3.75 6h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM3 3.75A.75.75 0 0 1 3.75 3h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 3 3.75Zm4 3A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 6h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7 6.75ZM7.75 3h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM3 9.75A.75.75 0 0 1 3.75 9h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 3 9.75ZM7.75 9h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="rocket-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-rocket">
    <path d="M14.064 0h.186C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v.186a8.752 8.752 0 0 1-2.564 6.186l-.458.459c-.314.314-.641.616-.979.904v3.207c0 .608-.315 1.172-.833 1.49l-2.774 1.707a.749.749 0 0 1-1.11-.418l-.954-3.102a1.214 1.214 0 0 1-.145-.125L3.754 9.816a1.218 1.218 0 0 1-.124-.145L.528 8.717a.749.749 0 0 1-.418-1.11l1.71-2.774A1.748 1.748 0 0 1 3.31 4h3.204c.288-.338.59-.665.904-.979l.459-.458A8.749 8.749 0 0 1 14.064 0ZM8.938 3.623h-.002l-.458.458c-.76.76-1.437 1.598-2.02 2.5l-1.5 2.317 2.143 2.143 2.317-1.5c.902-.583 1.74-1.26 2.499-2.02l.459-.458a7.25 7.25 0 0 0 2.123-5.127V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-.186a7.249 7.249 0 0 0-5.125 2.123ZM3.56 14.56c-.732.732-2.334 1.045-3.005 1.148a.234.234 0 0 1-.201-.064.234.234 0 0 1-.064-.201c.103-.671.416-2.273 1.15-3.003a1.502 1.502 0 1 1 2.12 2.12Zm6.94-3.935c-.088.06-.177.118-.266.175l-2.35 1.521.548 1.783 1.949-1.2a.25.25 0 0 0 .119-.213ZM3.678 8.116 5.2 5.766c.058-.09.117-.178.176-.266H3.309a.25.25 0 0 0-.213.119l-1.2 1.95ZM12 5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="shield-check-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check">
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<template id="package-icon">
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<template id="credit-card-icon">
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<template id="play-icon">
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<template id="code-square-icon">
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<template id="device-desktop-icon">
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        <div class="position-relative">
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              name="custom_scope_query"
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                data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header menu&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;SIGN_UP&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="da6ecacaab7463545cdb7bdcdd81c8e935c99397f618893c3515eefa367d86d1"
                data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Marketing nav&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;click to go to homepage&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Sign in;ref_loc:Header&quot;}"
              >
                Sign in
              </a>
            </div>

              <a href="/signup?ref_cta=Sign+up&amp;ref_loc=header+logged+out&amp;ref_page=%2F%3Cuser-name%3E%2F%3Crepo-name%3E%2Fvoltron%2Fissues_fragments%2Fissue_layout&amp;source=header-repo&amp;source_repo=cplusplus%2Fdraft"
                class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-link--sign-up HeaderMenu-button flex-shrink-0 d-flex d-lg-inline-flex no-underline border color-border-default rounded px-2 py-1"
                data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header menu&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;SIGN_UP&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="da6ecacaab7463545cdb7bdcdd81c8e935c99397f618893c3515eefa367d86d1"
                data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Sign up&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;click to sign up for account&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ref_page:/&lt;user-name&gt;/&lt;repo-name&gt;/voltron/issues_fragments/issue_layout;ref_cta:Sign up;ref_loc:header logged out&quot;}"
              >
                Sign up
              </a>

                <div class="AppHeader-appearanceSettings">
    <react-partial-anchor>
      <button data-target="react-partial-anchor.anchor" id="icon-button-9f7feb6f-e9a6-46bf-90d6-1161c9c96835" aria-labelledby="tooltip-509c3fed-84f5-4d86-bf93-14ac01bd4c06" type="button" disabled="disabled" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium AppHeader-button HeaderMenu-link border cursor-wait">  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-sliders Button-visual">
    <path d="M15 2.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Zm-8.5.75v1.25a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-4a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0V2H1.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5H6.5Zm1.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-6a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h6ZM15 8a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H11.5V10a.75.75 0 1 1-1.5 0V6a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.25h2.75A.75.75 0 0 1 15 8Zm-9 5.25v-2a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v1.25H1.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5H4.5v1.25a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-2Zm9 0a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-6a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h6a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Z"></path>
</svg>
</button><tool-tip id="tooltip-509c3fed-84f5-4d86-bf93-14ac01bd4c06" for="icon-button-9f7feb6f-e9a6-46bf-90d6-1161c9c96835" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Appearance settings</tool-tip>

      <template data-target="react-partial-anchor.template">
        <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/appearance-settings.6c63a6de228d6520804d.module.css" />

<react-partial
  partial-name="appearance-settings"
  data-ssr="false"
  data-attempted-ssr="false"
  data-react-profiling="false"
>
  
  <script type="application/json" data-target="react-partial.embeddedData">{"props":{}}</script>
  <div data-target="react-partial.reactRoot"></div>
</react-partial>


      </template>
    </react-partial-anchor>
  </div>

          <button type="button" class="sr-only js-header-menu-focus-trap d-block d-lg-none">Resetting focus</button>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</header>

      <div hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="js-stale-session-flash stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-full">
  
        <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert">
    <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-in" hidden>You signed in with another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-out" hidden>You signed out in another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-switched" hidden>You switched accounts on another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>

    <button id="icon-button-6824e53e-4871-4fd8-b8c5-a67f35f0d537" aria-labelledby="tooltip-b83d7cd5-2b6d-4478-a76d-267271d5b0a0" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium flash-close js-flash-close">  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x Button-visual">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</button><tool-tip id="tooltip-b83d7cd5-2b6d-4478-a76d-267271d5b0a0" for="icon-button-6824e53e-4871-4fd8-b8c5-a67f35f0d537" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Dismiss alert</tool-tip>


  
</div>
    </div>

  <div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>








    <div id="js-flash-container" class="flash-container" data-turbo-replace>




  <template class="js-flash-template">
    
<div class="flash flash-full   {{ className }}">
  <div >
    <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
    </button>
    <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert">
      
      <div>{{ message }}</div>

    </div>
  </div>
</div>
  </template>
</div>


    






  <div
    class="application-main "
    data-commit-hovercards-enabled
    data-discussion-hovercards-enabled
    data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled
    data-project-hovercards-enabled
  >
        <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class="">
    <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
      
      
    

    






  
  <div id="repository-container-header"  class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--page-header-bgColor, var(--color-page-header-bg));" data-turbo-replace>

      <div class="d-flex flex-nowrap flex-justify-end mb-3  px-3 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">

        <div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit">
            
  <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2">
    <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path>
</svg>
    
    <span class="author flex-self-stretch" itemprop="author">
      <a class="url fn" rel="author" data-hovercard-type="organization" data-hovercard-url="/orgs/cplusplus/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="/cplusplus">
        cplusplus
</a>    </span>
    <span class="mx-1 flex-self-stretch color-fg-muted">/</span>
    <strong itemprop="name" class="mr-2 flex-self-stretch">
      <a data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/cplusplus/draft">draft</a>
    </strong>

    <span></span><span class="Label Label--secondary v-align-middle mr-1">Public</span>
  </div>


        </div>

        <div id="repository-details-container" class="flex-shrink-0" data-turbo-replace style="max-width: 70%;">
            <ul class="pagehead-actions flex-shrink-0 d-none d-md-inline" style="padding: 2px 0;">
    
      

  <li>
            <a href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" id="repository-details-watch-button" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;notification subscription menu watch&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="a57af431016747b07668f6f75baec079144420fecec672d6734020612a6be894" aria-label="You must be signed in to change notification settings" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2">
    <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path>
</svg>Notifications
</a>    <tool-tip id="tooltip-3b4ef4d2-ecca-4e27-a6d4-40334cb057f7" for="repository-details-watch-button" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="description" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">You must be signed in to change notification settings</tool-tip>

  </li>

  <li>
          <a icon="repo-forked" id="fork-button" href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;repo details fork button&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:2216249,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="77652c21d25752121979a8eebbfe84b81932629b681f970bed3327be83c1f558" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2">
    <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>Fork
    <span id="repo-network-counter" data-pjax-replace="true" data-turbo-replace="true" title="793" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">793</span>
</a>
  </li>

  <li>
        <div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex">
        <a href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;star button&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:2216249,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="41ec2948763defd17b25d6b18492f87a304b2796513221f623e34df3da55df12" aria-label="You must be signed in to star a repository" data-view-component="true" class="tooltipped tooltipped-sw btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2">
    <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path>
</svg><span data-view-component="true" class="d-inline">
          Star
</span>          <span id="repo-stars-counter-star" aria-label="5938 users starred this repository" data-singular-suffix="user starred this repository" data-plural-suffix="users starred this repository" data-turbo-replace="true" title="5,938" data-view-component="true" class="Counter js-social-count">5.9k</span>
</a></div>
  </li>

</ul>

        </div>
      </div>

        <div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace>
</div>


          <nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">

  <ul data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-body list-style-none">
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="code-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft" data-tab-item="i0code-tab" data-selected-links="repo_source repo_downloads repo_commits repo_releases repo_tags repo_branches repo_packages repo_deployments repo_attestations /cplusplus/draft" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g c" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Code&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item">
    
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
    <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span data-content="Code">Code</span>
          <span id="code-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="Not available" data-view-component="true" class="Counter"></span>


    
</a></li>
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="issues-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft/issues" data-tab-item="i1issues-tab" data-selected-links="repo_issues repo_labels repo_milestones /cplusplus/draft/issues" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g i" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Issues&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" aria-current="page" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item selected">
    
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
    <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span data-content="Issues">Issues</span>
          <span id="issues-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="685" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">685</span>


    
</a></li>
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="pull-requests-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft/pulls" data-tab-item="i2pull-requests-tab" data-selected-links="repo_pulls checks /cplusplus/draft/pulls" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g p" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Pull requests&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item">
    
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
    <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span data-content="Pull requests">Pull requests</span>
          <span id="pull-requests-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="298" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">298</span>


    
</a></li>
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="actions-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft/actions" data-tab-item="i3actions-tab" data-selected-links="repo_actions /cplusplus/draft/actions" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g a" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Actions&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item">
    
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  <script type="application/json" data-target="react-app.embeddedData">{"payload":{"preloaded_records":{},"structured_data":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DiscussionForumPosting","headline":"Nested-name-specifier is not mentioned for member definition outside its target scope","articleBody":"In c++20 standard, For the member functions or static member data which are these members that can be defined outside its enclosing class,  it has a normative rule for how to define them outside the enclosing class, they are\r\nFor member functions   \r\n[class#mfct-3](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#mfct-3)  \r\n\u003e If the definition of a member function is lexically outside its class definition, the member function name shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​ operator. \r\n\r\nFor static data member    \r\n[class#static.data-3](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#static.data-3)\r\n\u003e In the definition at namespace scope, the name of the static data member shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​operator.  \r\n\r\nAs well as the definition of members of a namespace   \r\n[namespace.memdef#2](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/namespace.memdef#2)   \r\n\u003e Members of a named namespace can also be defined outside that namespace by explicit qualification ([namespace.qual]) of the name being defined, provided that the entity being defined was already declared in the namespace and the definition appears after the point of declaration in a namespace that encloses the declaration's namespace.  \r\n\r\nI tried to find out the alternative normative rule in the current draft that can replace these omission rules, however, I don't find them out. Is it considered a bit radical modification that excises these rules?","author":{"url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","@type":"Person","name":"xmh0511"},"datePublished":"2021-04-23T09:38:44.000Z","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":18},"url":"https://github.com/4592/draft/issues/4592"},"preloadedQueries":[{"queryId":"cee21fcf82c877ad153a2db35b36eb94","queryName":"IssueViewerViewQuery","variables":{"count":15,"id":"repository","number":4592,"owner":"cplusplus","repo":"draft"},"result":{"data":{"repository":{"isOwnerEnterpriseManaged":false,"issue":{"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","updatedAt":"2022-01-06T08:59:28Z","title":"Nested-name-specifier is not mentioned for member definition outside its target scope","number":4592,"repository":{"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","login":"cplusplus","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus","databaseId":59276},"isArchived":false,"isPrivate":false,"databaseId":2216249,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"visibility":"PUBLIC","viewerCanPush":false,"viewerCanInteract":false,"viewerInteractionLimitReasonHTML":"","planFeatures":{"maximumAssignees":10},"isCopilotAgentEnabled":null,"pinnedIssues":{"totalCount":0},"viewerCanPinIssues":false,"viewerIssueCreationPermissions":{"triageable":false},"issueTypes":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvmw"}},{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvnQ"}},{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvog"}}]}},"titleHTML":"Nested-name-specifier is not mentioned for member definition outside its target scope","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592","viewerCanUpdateNext":false,"issueType":null,"state":"OPEN","stateReason":null,"duplicateOf":null,"linkedPullRequests":{"nodes":[]},"subIssuesSummary":{"total":0,"completed":0},"__isLabelable":"Issue","labels":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"MDU6TGFiZWw1NzcwMDEwNQ==","color":"bfd4f2","name":"cwg","nameHTML":"cwg","description":"Issue must be reviewed by CWG.","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/labels/cwg","__typename":"Label"},"cursor":"MQ"}],"pageInfo":{"endCursor":"MQ","hasNextPage":false}},"__isNode":"Issue","assignedActors":{"nodes":[]},"milestone":null,"databaseId":865938727,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"locked":false,"author":{"__typename":"User","__isActor":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4"},"__isComment":"Issue","body":"In c++20 standard, For the member functions or static member data which are these members that can be defined outside its enclosing class,  it has a normative rule for how to define them outside the enclosing class, they are\r\nFor member functions   \r\n[class#mfct-3](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#mfct-3)  \r\n\u003e If the definition of a member function is lexically outside its class definition, the member function name shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​ operator. \r\n\r\nFor static data member    \r\n[class#static.data-3](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#static.data-3)\r\n\u003e In the definition at namespace scope, the name of the static data member shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​operator.  \r\n\r\nAs well as the definition of members of a namespace   \r\n[namespace.memdef#2](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/namespace.memdef#2)   \r\n\u003e Members of a named namespace can also be defined outside that namespace by explicit qualification ([namespace.qual]) of the name being defined, provided that the entity being defined was already declared in the namespace and the definition appears after the point of declaration in a namespace that encloses the declaration's namespace.  \r\n\r\nI tried to find out the alternative normative rule in the current draft that can replace these omission rules, however, I don't find them out. Is it considered a bit radical modification that excises these rules?","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn c++20 standard, For the member functions or static member data which are these members that can be defined outside its enclosing class,  it has a normative rule for how to define them outside the enclosing class, they are\u003cbr\u003e\nFor member functions\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#mfct-3\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eclass#mfct-3\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf the definition of a member function is lexically outside its class definition, the member function name shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​ operator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor static data member\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#static.data-3\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eclass#static.data-3\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn the definition at namespace scope, the name of the static data member shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​operator.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs well as the definition of members of a namespace\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/namespace.memdef#2\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003enamespace.memdef#2\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMembers of a named namespace can also be defined outside that namespace by explicit qualification ([namespace.qual]) of the name being defined, provided that the entity being defined was already declared in the namespace and the definition appears after the point of declaration in a namespace that encloses the declaration's namespace.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI tried to find out the alternative normative rule in the current draft that can replace these omission rules, however, I don't find them out. Is it considered a bit radical modification that excises these rules?\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"562c6e33853d7bc0abe73094c70a438ef5725ea8d2d53322e13131baf266d24b","createdAt":"2021-04-23T09:38:44Z","__isReactable":"Issue","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"viewerCanUpdateMetadata":false,"viewerCanComment":false,"viewerCanAssign":false,"viewerCanLabel":false,"__isIssueOrPullRequest":"Issue","projectItemsNext":{"edges":[],"pageInfo":{"endCursor":null,"hasNextPage":false}},"viewerCanSetMilestone":false,"isPinned":false,"viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanTransfer":false,"viewerCanConvertToDiscussion":false,"viewerCanLock":false,"viewerCanType":false,"viewerCanSetFields":false,"issueFieldValues":{"nodes":[]},"frontTimelineItems":{"pageInfo":{"hasNextPage":true,"endCursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABef28mFAAqTg1OTk3MzcwMQ=="},"totalCount":20,"edges":[{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":825777044,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"jensmaurer","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23412755?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/jensmaurer","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzNDEyNzU1"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgyNTc3NzA0NA==","body":"These permissions are, in fact, just redeclarations that happen to be definitions. The generic redeclaration rules handle these cases, I believe.","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese permissions are, in fact, just redeclarations that happen to be definitions. The generic redeclaration rules handle these cases, I believe.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"9a960e34d1abc0abb286501d548c1afeda4fa995da6f9e619abaab88c9e95dc6","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-825777044","createdAt":"2021-04-23T16:34:59Z","authorAssociation":"MEMBER","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeP-VnzgAqTgyNTc3NzA0NA=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":825785668,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgyNTc4NTY2OA==","body":"\u003e These permissions are, in fact, just redeclarations that happen to be definitions. The generic redeclaration rules handle these cases, I believe.\r\n\r\nI doubt that these rules in the above are intended to be covered by [dcl.meaning]. However, it's not explicitly. I have to try to read [dcl.meaning] more carefully to check whether the meaning is readable.","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese permissions are, in fact, just redeclarations that happen to be definitions. The generic redeclaration rules handle these cases, I believe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI doubt that these rules in the above are intended to be covered by [dcl.meaning]. However, it's not explicitly. I have to try to read [dcl.meaning] more carefully to check whether the meaning is readable.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"a4c2694d5c202daedf55dce19453e74439320fdf51f5b4a812b532da402f2f4c","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-825785668","createdAt":"2021-04-23T16:50:50Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeP-kIhAAqTgyNTc4NTY2OA=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":826017710,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"languagelawyer","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/38548419?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/languagelawyer","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjM4NTQ4NDE5"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgyNjAxNzcxMA==","body":"I think what are you looking for is [expr.prim.id.qual]/2 and /3. (Yes, it is an unexpected place for declaration rules).","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI think what are you looking for is [expr.prim.id.qual]/2 and /3. (Yes, it is an unexpected place for declaration rules).\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"432695d6deeb3ecd6330231a29ba55d78c9cc8dd3ba984299ceddc9767118420","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-826017710","createdAt":"2021-04-24T02:05:10Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2021-04-24T02:09:51Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/languagelawyer","login":"languagelawyer","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjM4NTQ4NDE5"},"id":"MDE1OlVzZXJDb250ZW50RWRpdElzc3VlQ29tbWVudEVkaXQ6NDU0NzAxMzYz"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeQGfo_AAqTgyNjAxNzcxMA=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":826019068,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgyNjAxOTA2OA==","body":"\u003e I think what are you looking for is [expr.prim.id.qual]/2 and /3. (Yes, it is an unexpected place for declaration rules).   \r\n\r\n[expr.prim.id.qual]/2 and /3 are basiclly introducing the concept about declarative nested-name-specifier, it is useful for determining where can the declaration inhabit. It didn't state that we should redeclare the member by using nested-name-specifier.\r\n","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI think what are you looking for is [expr.prim.id.qual]/2 and /3. (Yes, it is an unexpected place for declaration rules).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e[expr.prim.id.qual]/2 and /3 are basiclly introducing the concept about declarative nested-name-specifier, it is useful for determining where can the declaration inhabit. It didn't state that we should redeclare the member by using nested-name-specifier.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"0d348102cf8baabdb6294525e35d439758e229f68018a92faccf9dc2d82f8508","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-826019068","createdAt":"2021-04-24T02:16:21Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2021-04-24T02:16:34Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDE1OlVzZXJDb250ZW50RWRpdElzc3VlQ29tbWVudEVkaXQ6NDU0NzAxNzc0"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeQGp4QgAqTgyNjAxOTA2OA=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":826047367,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"jensmaurer","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23412755?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/jensmaurer","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzNDEyNzU1"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgyNjA0NzM2Nw==","body":"By what other means would you possibly refer to that member? If you omit the declarative nested-name-specifier, you're not redeclaring the entity you introduced inside the class or namespace definition.\r\n\r\nSee [dcl.meaning.general] p3.4, and [basic.scope.scope] p3 for \"correspond\".","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy what other means would you possibly refer to that member? If you omit the declarative nested-name-specifier, you're not redeclaring the entity you introduced inside the class or namespace definition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee [dcl.meaning.general] p3.4, and [basic.scope.scope] p3 for \"correspond\".\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"ffa0c7d67662a146a8988d9b5b5fc4f44843205c77e5fc84d2fcd89d13302907","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-826047367","createdAt":"2021-04-24T07:05:37Z","authorAssociation":"MEMBER","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeQKytegAqTgyNjA0NzM2Nw=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":826057602,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgyNjA1NzYwMg==","body":"\u003e By what other means would you possibly refer to that member? If you omit the declarative nested-name-specifier, you're not redeclaring the entity you introduced inside the class or namespace definition.\r\n\u003e \r\n\u003e See [dcl.meaning.general] p3.4, and [basic.scope.scope] p3 for \"correspond\".\r\n\r\nAfter reading [dcl.meaning] carefully, It is not necessary to be used to interpret the following rules, I think [basic.link#8] is sufficient to interpret that \r\n````cpp\r\nstruct A{\r\n  void fun();  //#1\r\n}; \r\nvoid fun(){}  //#2\r\n````\r\n`#1` and `#2` do not correspond and do not have the same target scope, hence they do not declare the same entity.  \r\nHowever, consider an example in [[class#pre-example-1]](https://eel.is/c++draft/class#pre-example-1)\r\n````cpp\r\nnamespace N {\r\n  template\u003cclass\u003e\r\n  struct A {\r\n    struct B;\r\n  };\r\n}\r\nusing N::A;\r\ntemplate\u003c\u003e struct A\u003cvoid\u003e {};   // error: A not nominable in ​::​\r\n````\r\nthe declarator `A\u003cvoid\u003e` satisfies [dcl.meaning#general]-3.2, hence `S` is the global namespace here. p3.3 says it does not bind a name.  Only the first sentence of p3.4 can apply to this case since `A\u003cvoid\u003e` is not a qualified name. The first sentence only says that the terminal name `A` is not looked up. I don't know what's the actual intent for that it states that `A` is not looked up. I suppose that it intends to say that `using N::A` does not contribute to the terminal name `A` of `A\u003cvoid\u003e`(i.e, `A` here does not refer to the primary template defined in `N`). p3.5 does not apply here. So, [dcl.meaning] does not have more explanation for this case to interpret why the case is an error.  \r\nThe remaining rule for restricting how an explicit specialization declaration should be is defined as\r\n\u003e An explicit specialization does not introduce a name ([basic.scope.scope]). A declaration of a function template, class template, or variable template being explicitly specialized shall be **reachable from the declaration of the explicit specialization**. \r\n\r\nAs per [module.reach#3](https://eel.is/c++draft/module.reach#3), the primary template is indeed reachable at the point where the explicit specialization defined. In my humble opinion, it still no rule that explicitly interprets why the case is an error. Moreover, the note in the example seems not reasonable, since `A\u003cvoid\u003e` where the terminal `A` is not a qualified name, there's no rule that requires that it shall satisfy what said in \"If it is a qualified name, the declarator shall correspond to one or more declarations nominable in S;\".  ","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBy what other means would you possibly refer to that member? If you omit the declarative nested-name-specifier, you're not redeclaring the entity you introduced inside the class or namespace definition.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSee [dcl.meaning.general] p3.4, and [basic.scope.scope] p3 for \"correspond\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAfter reading [dcl.meaning] carefully, It is not necessary to be used to interpret the following rules, I think [basic.link#8] is sufficient to interpret that\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"struct A{\n  void fun();  //#1\n}; \nvoid fun(){}  //#2\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e{\n  \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e();  \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e#1\u003c/span\u003e\n}; \n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e(){}  \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e#2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#2\u003c/code\u003e do not correspond and do not have the same target scope, hence they do not declare the same entity.\u003cbr\u003e\nHowever, consider an example in \u003ca href=\"https://eel.is/c++draft/class#pre-example-1\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e[class#pre-example-1]\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"namespace N {\n  template\u0026lt;class\u0026gt;\n  struct A {\n    struct B;\n  };\n}\nusing N::A;\ntemplate\u0026lt;\u0026gt; struct A\u0026lt;void\u0026gt; {};   // error: A not nominable in ​::​\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003enamespace\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e {\n  \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n  \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e {\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eB\u003c/span\u003e;\n  };\n}\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eusing\u003c/span\u003e N::A;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026gt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt; {};   \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e error: A not nominable in ​::​\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ethe declarator \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;void\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e satisfies [dcl.meaning#general]-3.2, hence \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eS\u003c/code\u003e is the global namespace here. p3.3 says it does not bind a name.  Only the first sentence of p3.4 can apply to this case since \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;void\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e is not a qualified name. The first sentence only says that the terminal name \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e is not looked up. I don't know what's the actual intent for that it states that \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e is not looked up. I suppose that it intends to say that \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eusing N::A\u003c/code\u003e does not contribute to the terminal name \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;void\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e(i.e, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e here does not refer to the primary template defined in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eN\u003c/code\u003e). p3.5 does not apply here. So, [dcl.meaning] does not have more explanation for this case to interpret why the case is an error.\u003cbr\u003e\nThe remaining rule for restricting how an explicit specialization declaration should be is defined as\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn explicit specialization does not introduce a name ([basic.scope.scope]). A declaration of a function template, class template, or variable template being explicitly specialized shall be \u003cstrong\u003ereachable from the declaration of the explicit specialization\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs per \u003ca href=\"https://eel.is/c++draft/module.reach#3\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003emodule.reach#3\u003c/a\u003e, the primary template is indeed reachable at the point where the explicit specialization defined. In my humble opinion, it still no rule that explicitly interprets why the case is an error. Moreover, the note in the example seems not reasonable, since \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;void\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e where the terminal \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e is not a qualified name, there's no rule that requires that it shall satisfy what said in \"If it is a qualified name, the declarator shall correspond to one or more declarations nominable in S;\".\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"c55816b89c1a995b786e6247d4b0097c25c775af929807e936545af26219bf73","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-826057602","createdAt":"2021-04-24T08:29:19Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2021-04-24T08:47:16Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDE1OlVzZXJDb250ZW50RWRpdElzc3VlQ29tbWVudEVkaXQ6NDU0NzIyNTg4"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeQL_VxgAqTgyNjA1NzYwMg=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":826235017,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgyNjIzNTAxNw==","body":"After comparing P1787r5 and P1787r6, there's a quite different for [class#pre-3] between them. In P1787r5, it says  \r\n\u003e If a class-head-name contains a nested-name-specifier, the class-specifier shall not inhabit a class scope; let E be the class, class template, or namespace to which the nested-name-specifier refers, **Otherwise, if its class-name is a simple-template-id**, let E be the entity associated with its immediate scope. **In either case, the class-specifier shall (ignoring any template argument list in the class-name) correspond to one or more declarations nominable in E ([basic.scope.scope])**; they shall all have the same target scope, and the target scope of the class-specifier is that scope.  \r\n\r\nWhile in P1787r6(i.e, be adopted by the current draft) \r\n\u003e If a class-head-name contains a nested-name-specifier, the class-specifier shall not inhabit a class scope. If its class-name is an identifier, the class-specifier shall correspond to one or more declarations nominable in the class, class template, or namespace to which the nested-name-specifier refers; they shall all have the same target scope, and the target scope of the class-specifier is that scope. \r\n\r\nIt appears to me that the rule in P1787r5 is more clear except that it is unclear whether an explicit specialization declaration corresponds to its primary template declaration since an explicit specialization does not introduce a name, hence it does not satisfy the requirement for that two declarations are corresponding.  The remaining sentence can indicate the reason why `template\u003c\u003e struct A\u003cvoid\u003e {};` is an error. Since the named `E` is the global namespace, as per [basic.scope#scope-5], the primary template `A` does not nominable in the global namespace, now the note is reasonable. However, the current [class#pre-3] is difficult to interpret this point.\r\n\r\nIs that consider how to interpret the example below the rule when changing [class#pre-3] in P1787r5 to the current content? Please take a look at this issue @opensdh @jensmaurer  @languagelawyer ","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAfter comparing P1787r5 and P1787r6, there's a quite different for [class#pre-3] between them. In P1787r5, it says\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf a class-head-name contains a nested-name-specifier, the class-specifier shall not inhabit a class scope; let E be the class, class template, or namespace to which the nested-name-specifier refers, \u003cstrong\u003eOtherwise, if its class-name is a simple-template-id\u003c/strong\u003e, let E be the entity associated with its immediate scope. \u003cstrong\u003eIn either case, the class-specifier shall (ignoring any template argument list in the class-name) correspond to one or more declarations nominable in E ([basic.scope.scope])\u003c/strong\u003e; they shall all have the same target scope, and the target scope of the class-specifier is that scope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhile in P1787r6(i.e, be adopted by the current draft)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf a class-head-name contains a nested-name-specifier, the class-specifier shall not inhabit a class scope. If its class-name is an identifier, the class-specifier shall correspond to one or more declarations nominable in the class, class template, or namespace to which the nested-name-specifier refers; they shall all have the same target scope, and the target scope of the class-specifier is that scope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt appears to me that the rule in P1787r5 is more clear except that it is unclear whether an explicit specialization declaration corresponds to its primary template declaration since an explicit specialization does not introduce a name, hence it does not satisfy the requirement for that two declarations are corresponding.  The remaining sentence can indicate the reason why \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003etemplate\u0026lt;\u0026gt; struct A\u0026lt;void\u0026gt; {};\u003c/code\u003e is an error. Since the named \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eE\u003c/code\u003e is the global namespace, as per [basic.scope#scope-5], the primary template \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e does not nominable in the global namespace, now the note is reasonable. However, the current [class#pre-3] is difficult to interpret this point.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIs that consider how to interpret the example below the rule when changing [class#pre-3] in P1787r5 to the current content? Please take a look at this issue \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/opensdh/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/opensdh\"\u003e@opensdh\u003c/a\u003e \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/jensmaurer/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/jensmaurer\"\u003e@jensmaurer\u003c/a\u003e  \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/languagelawyer/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/languagelawyer\"\u003e@languagelawyer\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"f596d4042b2080d6a1f5db540cd0c121f19f6781622426fb51b88c47eea24919","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-826235017","createdAt":"2021-04-25T03:08:55Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2021-04-26T03:14:36Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDE1OlVzZXJDb250ZW50RWRpdElzc3VlQ29tbWVudEVkaXQ6NDU0ODk4NzI1"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeQcAXVgAqTgyNjIzNTAxNw=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":830373343,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"opensdh","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/51904686?u=7f7aa4a0e0db073e1dc98fa6683ba3bed889e6e4\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/opensdh","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjUxOTA0Njg2"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgzMDM3MzM0Mw==","body":"\u003e the declarator `A\u003cvoid\u003e`\r\n\r\nA *class-head-name* is not a declarator.  I think you're right, however, that [class.pre]/3 is inconsistent with its example.  From my best reading of the minutes of the discussion on the subject, the example is just wrong (despite being added at the same time as the aforementioned change to the paragraph): both class definitions should just be `// OK`, which is arguably editorial.\r\n\r\nMeanwhile, that change removed the rule that specified the target scope for a template specialization/instantiation.  That doesn't matter for the correspondence check, since that was removed too, but it is necessary to back up the note in [temp.pre]/7.  I'll add that to my list of fixups for P1787.","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ethe declarator \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;void\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA \u003cem\u003eclass-head-name\u003c/em\u003e is not a declarator.  I think you're right, however, that [class.pre]/3 is inconsistent with its example.  From my best reading of the minutes of the discussion on the subject, the example is just wrong (despite being added at the same time as the aforementioned change to the paragraph): both class definitions should just be \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e// OK\u003c/code\u003e, which is arguably editorial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMeanwhile, that change removed the rule that specified the target scope for a template specialization/instantiation.  That doesn't matter for the correspondence check, since that was removed too, but it is necessary to back up the note in [temp.pre]/7.  I'll add that to my list of fixups for P1787.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"301a799aabbd0496e72a70018cedbb79ce6b20017c380471cb3bb9f329bb41de","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-830373343","createdAt":"2021-04-30T20:42:22Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeSSEn7AAqTgzMDM3MzM0Mw=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":833164947,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDgzMzE2NDk0Nw==","body":"\u003e \u003e the declarator `A\u003cvoid\u003e`\r\n\u003e \r\n\u003e A _class-head-name_ is not a declarator. I think you're right, however, that [class.pre]/3 is inconsistent with its example. From my best reading of the minutes of the discussion on the subject, the example is just wrong (despite being added at the same time as the aforementioned change to the paragraph): both class definitions should just be `// OK`, which is arguably editorial.\r\n\u003e \r\n\u003e Meanwhile, that change removed the rule that specified the target scope for a template specialization/instantiation. That doesn't matter for the correspondence check, since that was removed too, but it is necessary to back up the note in [temp.pre]/7. I'll add that to my list of fixups for P1787.\r\n\r\nAppreciate your clarification. That means that the definition of a partial/explicit specialization for a class template does not have to inhabit a scope where the primary class template is nominable; The partial/explicit specialization can also be defined at a scope in which the lookup will find the class template name, as the issue [[defines a member of a namespace without using nested-name-specifier]](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63165315/is-it-a-bug-in-clang-that-defines-a-member-of-a-namespace-without-using-nested-n) pointed out before P1787 goes into the standard, no matter what kind of declaration would make the name be found(in the formal example, that's `using-declaration` while the issue on SO, that's `using namespace directive`).","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ethe declarator \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;void\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA \u003cem\u003eclass-head-name\u003c/em\u003e is not a declarator. I think you're right, however, that [class.pre]/3 is inconsistent with its example. From my best reading of the minutes of the discussion on the subject, the example is just wrong (despite being added at the same time as the aforementioned change to the paragraph): both class definitions should just be \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e// OK\u003c/code\u003e, which is arguably editorial.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMeanwhile, that change removed the rule that specified the target scope for a template specialization/instantiation. That doesn't matter for the correspondence check, since that was removed too, but it is necessary to back up the note in [temp.pre]/7. I'll add that to my list of fixups for P1787.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAppreciate your clarification. That means that the definition of a partial/explicit specialization for a class template does not have to inhabit a scope where the primary class template is nominable; The partial/explicit specialization can also be defined at a scope in which the lookup will find the class template name, as the issue \u003ca href=\"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63165315/is-it-a-bug-in-clang-that-defines-a-member-of-a-namespace-without-using-nested-n\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e[defines a member of a namespace without using nested-name-specifier]\u003c/a\u003e pointed out before P1787 goes into the standard, no matter what kind of declaration would make the name be found(in the formal example, that's \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eusing-declaration\u003c/code\u003e while the issue on SO, that's \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eusing namespace directive\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"783db6cb4175d740b9d14753f7fca03387647289b885aa6f7d5d6e43fec38f1e","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-833164947","createdAt":"2021-05-06T01:48:03Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2021-05-06T01:58:43Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDE1OlVzZXJDb250ZW50RWRpdElzc3VlQ29tbWVudEVkaXQ6NDU4MDkzNTc2"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABeT9cSDgAqTgzMzE2NDk0Nw=="},{"node":{"__typename":"CrossReferencedEvent","__isIssueTimelineItems":"CrossReferencedEvent","__isTimelineEvent":"CrossReferencedEvent","databaseId":1117719888,"createdAt":"2021-06-03T22:17:30Z","actor":{"__typename":"User","login":"jensmaurer","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzNDEyNzU1","__isActor":"User","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23412755?s=64\u0026v=4","profileResourcePath":"/jensmaurer"},"source":{"__typename":"PullRequest","__isNode":"PullRequest","id":"MDExOlB1bGxSZXF1ZXN0NjYxMjU1MjQ0"},"willCloseTarget":false,"referencedAt":"2021-06-03T22:17:30Z","innerSource":{"__typename":"PullRequest","__isReferencedSubject":"PullRequest","id":"MDExOlB1bGxSZXF1ZXN0NjYxMjU1MjQ0","pullTitleHTML":"[class.pre] Fix incorrect comment in example","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/pull/4624","number":4624,"state":"MERGED","isDraft":false,"isInMergeQueue":false,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","isPrivate":false,"owner":{"__typename":"Organization","login":"cplusplus","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2"}},"__isNode":"PullRequest"},"__isNode":"CrossReferencedEvent","id":"MDIwOkNyb3NzUmVmZXJlbmNlZEV2ZW50MTExNzcxOTg4OA=="},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABedPz8JACqjExMTc3MTk4ODg="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":854222780,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"jensmaurer","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23412755?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/jensmaurer","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzNDEyNzU1"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDg1NDIyMjc4MA==","body":"#4624 fixes the [class.pre] p3 example to say \"ok\". @opensdh, is this what you want?\r\n\r\n(I understand there's also a core issue lurking here for [temp.pre] p7, which you have on your list of fixups.)","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"issue-link js-issue-link\" data-error-text=\"Failed to load title\" data-id=\"910903306\" data-permission-text=\"Title is private\" data-url=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4624\" data-hovercard-type=\"pull_request\" data-hovercard-url=\"/cplusplus/draft/pull/4624/hovercard\" href=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/pull/4624\"\u003e#4624\u003c/a\u003e fixes the [class.pre] p3 example to say \"ok\". \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/opensdh/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/opensdh\"\u003e@opensdh\u003c/a\u003e, is this what you want?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(I understand there's also a core issue lurking here for [temp.pre] p7, which you have on your list of fixups.)\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"d554f370bd873e545fca4a111261381872be0a154c74596eb634c989a35fdf12","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-854222780","createdAt":"2021-06-03T22:19:26Z","authorAssociation":"MEMBER","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABedP1tbAAqTg1NDIyMjc4MA=="},{"node":{"__typename":"LabeledEvent","__isIssueTimelineItems":"LabeledEvent","__isTimelineEvent":"LabeledEvent","databaseId":4840116509,"createdAt":"2021-06-03T22:19:52Z","actor":{"__typename":"User","login":"jensmaurer","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzNDEyNzU1","__isActor":"User","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23412755?s=64\u0026v=4","profileResourcePath":"/jensmaurer"},"label":{"id":"MDU6TGFiZWw1NzcwMDEwNQ==","nameHTML":"cwg","name":"cwg","color":"bfd4f2","description":"Issue must be reviewed by CWG."},"__isNode":"LabeledEvent","id":"MDEyOkxhYmVsZWRFdmVudDQ4NDAxMTY1MDk="},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABedP2G0ABqjQ4NDAxMTY1MDk="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":854297138,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDg1NDI5NzEzOA==","body":"@jensmaurer  @opensdh  Although the example is clarified to be \"ok\", but it looks like there's no relationship between [class.pre#3] and that example since there's no powerful evidence in [class.pre#3] states this example. As @opensdh has pointed out, `A\u003cvoid\u003e` is not declarator-id instead it's class-name, hence the whole [dcl.meaning] subclause is not suitable to clarify this example. Although, [basic.lookup#general-1] says that:   \r\n\u003e The name lookup rules apply **uniformly to all names** (including typedef-names ([dcl.typedef]), namespace-names ([basic.namespace]), and class-names ([class.name])) wherever the grammar allows such names in the context discussed by **a particular rule**.\r\n\r\nAs we see in [dcl.meaning], it explicitly points out which cases are necessary to be looked up and which are not, such as\r\n\u003e  If it declares a class member, the terminal name of the declarator-id is **not looked up**; \r\n\r\nA similar way for wording the rule of [namespace.def]  \r\n\u003e If the **lookup** finds a namespace-definition for a namespace N...  \r\n\r\nSo, could we extend the [class.pre#3] by adding the relevant rule for that example?\r\n\u003e Otherwise, if the class-head-name is a simple-template-id, the terminal name of the simple-template-id is (unqualified name) **looked up**; they shall all have the same target scope, and the target scope of the class-specifier is that scope.\r\n\r\nI think the \"otherwise part\" would cover this example. \r\n","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/jensmaurer/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/jensmaurer\"\u003e@jensmaurer\u003c/a\u003e  \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/opensdh/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/opensdh\"\u003e@opensdh\u003c/a\u003e  Although the example is clarified to be \"ok\", but it looks like there's no relationship between [class.pre#3] and that example since there's no powerful evidence in [class.pre#3] states this example. As \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/opensdh/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/opensdh\"\u003e@opensdh\u003c/a\u003e has pointed out, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;void\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e is not declarator-id instead it's class-name, hence the whole [dcl.meaning] subclause is not suitable to clarify this example. Although, [basic.lookup#general-1] says that:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe name lookup rules apply \u003cstrong\u003euniformly to all names\u003c/strong\u003e (including typedef-names ([dcl.typedef]), namespace-names ([basic.namespace]), and class-names ([class.name])) wherever the grammar allows such names in the context discussed by \u003cstrong\u003ea particular rule\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs we see in [dcl.meaning], it explicitly points out which cases are necessary to be looked up and which are not, such as\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf it declares a class member, the terminal name of the declarator-id is \u003cstrong\u003enot looked up\u003c/strong\u003e;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA similar way for wording the rule of [namespace.def]\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf the \u003cstrong\u003elookup\u003c/strong\u003e finds a namespace-definition for a namespace N...\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo, could we extend the [class.pre#3] by adding the relevant rule for that example?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOtherwise, if the class-head-name is a simple-template-id, the terminal name of the simple-template-id is (unqualified name) \u003cstrong\u003elooked up\u003c/strong\u003e; they shall all have the same target scope, and the target scope of the class-specifier is that scope.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI think the \"otherwise part\" would cover this example.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"5ed9c63f7d40100bc27874dee94537d058062d544b5596d3bc3a98cb7b16e988","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-854297138","createdAt":"2021-06-04T01:51:08Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2021-06-04T04:52:48Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDE1OlVzZXJDb250ZW50RWRpdElzc3VlQ29tbWVudEVkaXQ6NDY2NjIxNTY3"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABedS3huAAqTg1NDI5NzEzOA=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":859718676,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"opensdh","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/51904686?u=7f7aa4a0e0db073e1dc98fa6683ba3bed889e6e4\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/opensdh","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjUxOTA0Njg2"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDg1OTcxODY3Ng==","body":"\u003e #4624 fixes the [class.pre] p3 example to say \"ok\". @opensdh, is this what you want?\r\n\r\nIt's certainly correct.  @xmh0511 makes a valid point that the connection to the normative text is somewhat lacking; it might be good to extend the example slightly to illustrate the differences like so:\r\n\r\n```cpp\r\nnamespace N {\r\n  struct X;\r\n  template\u003cclass\u003e\r\n  struct A {\r\n    struct B;\r\n  };\r\n}\r\nnamespace O {using N::X;}\r\nusing N::A;\r\nstruct O::X {};                         // error: X not nominable in O\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e struct A\u003cT\u003e::B {};    // OK\r\ntemplate\u003c\u003e struct ::A\u003cvoid\u003e {};         // OK\r\n```\r\n\r\n\u003e So, could we extend the [class.pre#3] by adding the relevant rule for that example?\r\n\r\nEither that or just specify the (reuse of the) target scope for all template specializations/instantiations.  We don't need an explicit appeal to name lookup, because [basic.lookup.unqual]/4 and [basic.lookup.qual.general]/3 say that it happens everywhere by default.  (It's true that [basic.lookup.general]/1 is a bit optimistic with the word \"uniformly\": I guess it means all _kinds_ of names.)","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca class=\"issue-link js-issue-link\" data-error-text=\"Failed to load title\" data-id=\"910903306\" data-permission-text=\"Title is private\" data-url=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4624\" data-hovercard-type=\"pull_request\" data-hovercard-url=\"/cplusplus/draft/pull/4624/hovercard\" href=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/pull/4624\"\u003e#4624\u003c/a\u003e fixes the [class.pre] p3 example to say \"ok\". \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/opensdh/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/opensdh\"\u003e@opensdh\u003c/a\u003e, is this what you want?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt's certainly correct.  \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/xmh0511/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/xmh0511\"\u003e@xmh0511\u003c/a\u003e makes a valid point that the connection to the normative text is somewhat lacking; it might be good to extend the example slightly to illustrate the differences like so:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"namespace N {\n  struct X;\n  template\u0026lt;class\u0026gt;\n  struct A {\n    struct B;\n  };\n}\nnamespace O {using N::X;}\nusing N::A;\nstruct O::X {};                         // error: X not nominable in O\ntemplate\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt; struct A\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;::B {};    // OK\ntemplate\u0026lt;\u0026gt; struct ::A\u0026lt;void\u0026gt; {};         // OK\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003enamespace\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e {\n  \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eX\u003c/span\u003e;\n  \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n  \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e {\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eB\u003c/span\u003e;\n  };\n}\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003enamespace\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eO\u003c/span\u003e {\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eusing\u003c/span\u003e N::X;}\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eusing\u003c/span\u003e N::A;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eO\u003c/span\u003e::X {};                         \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e error: X not nominable in O\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;::B {};    \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e OK\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026gt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e ::A\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt; {};         \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e OK\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo, could we extend the [class.pre#3] by adding the relevant rule for that example?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEither that or just specify the (reuse of the) target scope for all template specializations/instantiations.  We don't need an explicit appeal to name lookup, because [basic.lookup.unqual]/4 and [basic.lookup.qual.general]/3 say that it happens everywhere by default.  (It's true that [basic.lookup.general]/1 is a bit optimistic with the word \"uniformly\": I guess it means all \u003cem\u003ekinds\u003c/em\u003e of names.)\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"8a9d7a5527edd0517ecdf4586938d6a1c1579d83564c7254fed2e09164c136ed","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-859718676","createdAt":"2021-06-11T17:01:13Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABefwFP6gAqTg1OTcxODY3Ng=="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":859973701,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDU6SXNzdWU4NjU5Mzg3Mjc=","number":4592,"locked":false,"databaseId":865938727},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDEyOklzc3VlQ29tbWVudDg1OTk3MzcwMQ==","body":"\u003e just specify the (reuse of the) **target scope** for all template specializations/instantiations.    \r\n\r\nIMHO, I think **target scope** might not suitable here.  For instance, \r\n````cpp\r\nnamespace N {\r\n  template\u003cclass\u003e\r\n  struct A {\r\n  };\r\n}\r\nusing N::A;\r\ntemplate\u003c\u003e struct A\u003cvoid\u003e {};   //#1\r\n````\r\nThe **target scope** of the declaration at `#1` is the global namespace's scope due to the following rule  \r\n\u003e Unless otherwise specified:\r\n\u003e\u003e - [...]\r\n\u003e\u003e - A declaration inhabits the immediate scope at its locus ([basic.scope.pdecl]).\r\n\u003e\u003e - A declaration's target scope is the scope it inhabits.\r\n\r\nThere's no otherwise place that states what is the target scope of an instantiation/explicit specialization. Does that mean the explicit instantiation/specialization and its primary template can have a different target scope? Although, this point(whether they shall have the same target scope) is not specified in the standard.","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ejust specify the (reuse of the) \u003cstrong\u003etarget scope\u003c/strong\u003e for all template specializations/instantiations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIMHO, I think \u003cstrong\u003etarget scope\u003c/strong\u003e might not suitable here.  For instance,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"namespace N {\n  template\u0026lt;class\u0026gt;\n  struct A {\n  };\n}\nusing N::A;\ntemplate\u0026lt;\u0026gt; struct A\u0026lt;void\u0026gt; {};   //#1\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003enamespace\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eN\u003c/span\u003e {\n  \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n  \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e {\n  };\n}\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eusing\u003c/span\u003e N::A;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026gt; \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt; {};   \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e#1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003cstrong\u003etarget scope\u003c/strong\u003e of the declaration at \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e is the global namespace's scope due to the following rule\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnless otherwise specified:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[...]\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA declaration inhabits the immediate scope at its locus ([basic.scope.pdecl]).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eA declaration's target scope is the scope it inhabits.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere's no otherwise place that states what is the target scope of an instantiation/explicit specialization. Does that mean the explicit instantiation/specialization and its primary template can have a different target scope? Although, this point(whether they shall have the same target scope) is not specified in the standard.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"baf451ff44ed57b555340a01b8b6b4c378cb1444944f4f8a3b5c4fceb502f32c","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4592#issuecomment-859973701","createdAt":"2021-06-12T01:01:06Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2021-06-12T01:28:05Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"MDE1OlVzZXJDb250ZW50RWRpdElzc3VlQ29tbWVudEVkaXQ6NDY5MTM1NjU1"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABef28mFAAqTg1OTk3MzcwMQ=="}]},"backTimelineItems":{"pageInfo":{"hasPreviousPage":true,"startCursor":null},"totalCount":20,"edges":[]}},"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5"},"safeViewer":null}},"timestamp":1759108670}]},"title":null,"appPayload":{"initial_view_content":{"team_id":null,"can_edit_view":true},"current_user":null,"current_user_settings":{"preferred_emoji_skin_tone":null,"copilot_show_functionality":false,"use_single_key_shortcut":false},"paste_url_link_as_plain_text":false,"base_avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com","help_url":"https://docs.github.com","sso_organizations":null,"current_sso_orgs_match_dismissed_cookie":null,"multi_tenant":false,"tracing":false,"tracing_flamegraph":false,"catalog_service":"github/issues","scoped_repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","owner":"cplusplus","name":"draft","is_archived":false},"enabled_features":{"use_pull_request_subscriptions_enabled":false,"pull_request_single_subscription":true,"disable_issues_react_ssr":false,"issue_dependencies":true,"copilot_natural_language_github_search":false,"private_avatars":false,"reserved_domain":true,"projects_classic_sunset_override":false,"issues_react_bypass_es_limits":true,"notifyd_issue_watch_activity_notify":false,"notifyd_enable_issue_thread_subscriptions":false,"timeline_best_effort_count_optimization":false,"copilot_auto_assign_metadata":false,"issues_react_bots_timeline_pagination":true,"copilot_workspace_cross_repo_selection":false,"copilot_agent_mode":true,"issues_react_force_turbo_nav":false,"copilot_swe_agent":true,"copilot_workspace":null,"tasklist_block":false,"issues_react_perf_test":false}}}</script>
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</style><!--$--><!--$--><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 gjuRkX"><div class="primary-viewer IssueDetail-module__IssueDetailContainer--h6eYv" data-testid="issue-viewer-container"><!--$--><div class="IssueViewer-module__issueViewerContainer--C18gM IssueViewer-module__mainContainer--PhquW"><!--$--><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 ContentWrapper-module__contentContainer--AGolz"><div aria-label="Header" role="region" data-testid="issue-header"><div class="prc-PageHeader-PageHeader-sT1Hp HeaderViewer-module__headerContainer--kkVCB "><div class="prc-PageHeader-TitleArea-jxJZy HeaderViewer-module__PageHeader_TitleArea--RYvOA" data-component="TitleArea" data-size-variant="medium"><h1 class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 fdpFjT prc-PageHeader-Title-LKOsd HeaderViewer-module__PageHeader_Title--n_x9h prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO" data-component="PH_Title" data-hidden="false" style="--custom-font-size:26px,26px,var(--text-title-size-large, 32px),var(--text-title-size-large, 32px)"><bdi class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 markdown-title HeaderViewer-module__VerifiedHTMLBox--_DgIv" data-testid="issue-title">Nested-name-specifier is not mentioned for member definition outside its target scope</bdi> <span class="HeaderViewer-module__issueNumberText--ofQHQ">#4592</span></h1></div><div class="prc-PageHeader-ContextArea-6ykSJ" data-hidden-regular="true"><div class="prc-PageHeader-ContextAreaActions-RTJRk HeaderViewer-module__PageHeader_ContextAreaActions--zjX2m" data-hidden-regular="true"><div class="HeaderMenu-module__menuActionsContainer--Gf9W9"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 kIppVx HeaderMenu-module__buttonContainer--Nazjm"><a type="button" href="/login?return_to=" target="_blank" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="medium" data-variant="primary" aria-describedby=":Ria56b:-loading-announcement"><span data-component="buttonContent" data-align="center" class="prc-Button-ButtonContent-HKbr-"><span data-component="text" class="prc-Button-Label-pTQ3x">New 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class="sc-aXZVg IssueBodyHeader-module__RelativeTime--LRd7n">on <!-- -->Apr 23, 2021</relative-time></a></div></div><div class="ActivityHeader-module__narrowViewportWrapper--k4ncm IssueBodyHeader-module__actionsWrapper--nZngh"><div class="ActivityHeader-module__edits--WkfqY IssueBodyHeader-module__editsSection--ptNnu"></div><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__badgesSection--izNBK"><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__badgeGroup--xiI1A"></div><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__actionsSection--CZDiB"><button data-component="IconButton" type="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI prc-Button-IconButton-szpyj" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-describedby=":R4ldklmb:-loading-announcement" aria-labelledby=":R3sldklmb:" id=":R4ldklmb:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg></button><span class="prc-TooltipV2-Tooltip-cYMVY" data-direction="s" aria-hidden="true" id=":R3sldklmb:">Issue body actions</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="IssueBodyViewer-module__IssueBody--Zg6Wy" id="issue-body-viewer" data-testid="issue-body-viewer"><div data-testid="markdown-body" data-team-hovercards-enabled="true" class="markdown-body" data-turbolinks="false"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 markdown-body NewMarkdownViewer-module__safe-html-box--dKCgP"><p dir="auto">In c++20 standard, For the member functions or static member data which are these members that can be defined outside its enclosing class,  it has a normative rule for how to define them outside the enclosing class, they are<br>
For member functions<br>
<a href="https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#mfct-3" rel="nofollow">class#mfct-3</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">If the definition of a member function is lexically outside its class definition, the member function name shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​ operator.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">For static data member<br>
<a href="https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/class#static.data-3" rel="nofollow">class#static.data-3</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">In the definition at namespace scope, the name of the static data member shall be qualified by its class name using the ​::​operator.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">As well as the definition of members of a namespace<br>
<a href="https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n4861/namespace.memdef#2" rel="nofollow">namespace.memdef#2</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">Members of a named namespace can also be defined outside that namespace by explicit qualification ([namespace.qual]) of the name being defined, provided that the entity being defined was already declared in the namespace and the definition appears after the point of declaration in a namespace that encloses the declaration's namespace.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">I tried to find out the alternative normative rule in the current draft that can replace these omission rules, however, I don't find them out. Is it considered a bit radical modification that excises these rules?</p></div></div><div class="IssueBodyViewer-module__IssueBodyTaskList--xb3uu"><!--$--><div role="toolbar" aria-label="Reactions" class="d-flex gap-1 flex-wrap"></div><!--/$--></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="issue-viewer-comments-container" class="react-comments-container"><div class="IssueViewer-module__commentsContainer--H8wxg"><!--$!--><template></template><div class="issue-timeline-loading-module__delaySkeletonLoad--OE2Lq" data-testid="issue-timeline-loading"><div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContainer--I9JkW"><div height="40px" width="40px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 kqdiwS gALJmv"></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContentWrapper--Qd0Vg"><div class="CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerContainer--fCCZA"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerLeftLine--TwR8y"></div><div 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    >
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<li class="mx-2">
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    <button
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      class="Link--secondary underline-on-hover border-0 p-0 color-bg-transparent text-left"
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  <div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden>
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</svg>
    <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
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    <template id="site-details-dialog">
  <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open>
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    <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal">
      <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog>
        <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>
      <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div>
    </details-dialog>
  </details>
</template>

    <div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;">
  <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;">
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</div>

    <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button">
  <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0">
    <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
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    <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2">
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</svg>
    </clipboard-copy>
  </div>
</template>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned">
  <div class="zeroclipboard-container">
    <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon">
    <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
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</svg>
    </clipboard-copy>
  </div>
</template>




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