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  <title>the lifetime of the variant members of union class objects operated by memcpy · Issue #5213 · cplusplus/draft · GitHub</title>



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      <meta name="description" content="Consider this example union U{ int i; char c; }; U u1 = {.i = 1}; // #1 U u2 = {.c = 0}; // #2 std::memcpy(&amp;u2, &amp;u1, sizeof(U)); // #3 At #1, the variant member U::i of the object u1 is active, while at #2, the variant member U::c of the...">

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    <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DiscussionForumPosting","headline":"the lifetime of the variant members of union class objects operated by memcpy","articleBody":"Consider this example\r\n`````cpp\r\nunion U{\r\n   int i;\r\n   char c;\r\n};\r\nU u1 = {.i = 1};  // #1\r\nU u2 = {.c = 0};  // #2\r\nstd::memcpy(\u0026u2, \u0026u1, sizeof(U));  // #3\r\n`````\r\nAt `#1`, the variant member `U::i` of the object `u1` is active,  while at `#2`, the variant member `U::c` of the object `u2` is active. Since [cstring.syn] p3 says\r\n\u003e The functions memcpy and memmove are signal-safe. Both functions **implicitly create objects ([intro.object]) in the destination region of storage** immediately prior to copying the sequence of characters to the destination.\r\n\r\nThus, before the copying starts, what can be sure is that an object of type `U` is implicitly created in the specified storage. In addition, the lifetime of either `U::i` or `U::c` can start due to the \"implicitly create objects\" but not both. Which is regulated by [class.union.general] p2 \r\n\u003e At most one of the non-static data members of an object of union type can be active at any time, that is, the value of at most one of the non-static data members can be stored in a union at any time.   \r\n\r\nSince, immediately prior to copying, we cannot determine which variant member has begun its lifetime in the newly created union object that occupies the storage of `u2`. Also, after the copying, we also cannot determine which one is active. Is it `U::i` because the corresponding variant is active in the source? Or, Is it `U::c` since it's the one selected by the \"implicitly creating objects\" operation. \r\n\r\n\r\n","author":{"url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","@type":"Person","name":"xmh0511"},"datePublished":"2022-01-18T14:03:42.000Z","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":18},"url":"https://github.com/5213/draft/issues/5213"}</script> 
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    <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="platform-integrations-heading">Integrations</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="platform-integrations-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_marketplace&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_marketplace_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/marketplace">
      GitHub Marketplace

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/mcp">
      MCP Registry

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

          <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold">
            <a data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_features&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_features_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features">
              View all features
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon">
    <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</a>          </div>
      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Solutions
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
    <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 dropdown-menu-wide">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-company-size-heading">By company size</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-company-size-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprises&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprises_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/enterprise">
      Enterprises

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/team">
      Small and medium teams

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;startups&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;startups_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/enterprise/startups">
      Startups

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;nonprofits&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;nonprofits_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/nonprofits">
      Nonprofits

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-use-case-heading">By use case</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-use-case-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;app_modernization&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;app_modernization_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/app-modernization">
      App Modernization

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devsecops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devsecops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/devsecops">
      DevSecOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/devops">
      DevOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci_cd&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci_cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/ci-cd">
      CI/CD

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case">
      View all use cases

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-industry-heading">By industry</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-industry-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/healthcare">
      Healthcare

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/financial-services">
      Financial services

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/manufacturing">
      Manufacturing

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/government">
      Government

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry">
      View all industries

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

          <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold">
            <a data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions">
              View all solutions
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon">
    <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</a>          </div>
      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Resources
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
    <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 dropdown-menu-wide">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-topics-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ai_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/ai">
      AI

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/devops">
      DevOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;security_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/security">
      Security

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;software_development&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;software_development_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/software-development">
      Software Development

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles">
      View all

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-explore-heading">Explore</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-explore-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;learning_pathways&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;learning_pathways_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://resources.github.com/learn/pathways">
      Learning Pathways

    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle">
    <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;events_amp_webinars&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;events_amp_webinars_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/resources/events">
      Events &amp; Webinars

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ebooks_amp_whitepapers&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ebooks_amp_whitepapers_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/resources/whitepapers">
      Ebooks &amp; Whitepapers

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;customer_stories&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;customer_stories_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/customer-stories">
      Customer Stories

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;partners&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;partners_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/partners">
      Partners

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;executive_insights&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;executive_insights_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights">
      Executive Insights

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Open Source
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
    <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom mb-3 mb-lg-3 pb-3">

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" >
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_sponsors&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="/sponsors">
      
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          GitHub Sponsors

        </div>

        Fund open source developers
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom mb-3 mb-lg-3 pb-3">

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" >
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;the_readme_project&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/readme">
      
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          The ReadME Project

        </div>

        GitHub community articles
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom border-bottom-0">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;topics&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;topics_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/topics">
      Topics

    
</a></li>

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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;trending&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;trending_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/trending">
      Trending

    
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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;collections&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;collections_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/collections">
      Collections

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
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            </div>
        </div>

      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Enterprise
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
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</svg>
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      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom mb-3 mb-lg-3 pb-3">

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" >
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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="/enterprise">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-stack color-fg-subtle mr-3">
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</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          Enterprise platform

        </div>

        AI-powered developer platform
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom border-bottom-0">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="enterprise-available-add-ons-heading">Available add-ons</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="enterprise-available-add-ons-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description mb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3">
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</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          GitHub Advanced Security

        </div>

        Enterprise-grade security features
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description mb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;copilot_for_business&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;copilot_for_business_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="/features/copilot/copilot-business">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3">
    <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path>
</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          Copilot for business

        </div>

        Enterprise-grade AI features
      </div>

    
</a></li>

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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;premium_support&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;premium_support_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="/premium-support">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3">
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</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          Premium Support

        </div>

        Enterprise-grade 24/7 support
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
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        </div>

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</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
    <a class="HeaderMenu-link no-underline px-0 px-lg-2 py-3 py-lg-2 d-block d-lg-inline-block" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;global&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;platform_link_global_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/pricing">Pricing</a>
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<qbsearch-input class="search-input" data-scope="repo:cplusplus/draft" data-custom-scopes-path="/search/custom_scopes" data-delete-custom-scopes-csrf="F1BjjvLXIgqxsCa1vWauk51HO3iVUmo9JFKmSkaeUv3Cdyo45XUt-dDmezZaZYuC3atA2tcv2jorRg8cLX_R6w" data-max-custom-scopes="10" data-header-redesign-enabled="false" data-initial-value="" data-blackbird-suggestions-path="/search/suggestions" data-jump-to-suggestions-path="/_graphql/GetSuggestedNavigationDestinations" data-current-repository="cplusplus/draft" data-current-org="cplusplus" data-current-owner="" data-logged-in="false" data-copilot-chat-enabled="false" data-nl-search-enabled="false" data-retain-scroll-position="true">
  <div
    class="search-input-container search-with-dialog position-relative d-flex flex-row flex-items-center mr-4 rounded"
    data-action="click:qbsearch-input#searchInputContainerClicked"
  >
      <button
        type="button"
        class="header-search-button placeholder  input-button form-control d-flex flex-1 flex-self-stretch flex-items-center no-wrap width-full py-0 pl-2 pr-0 text-left border-0 box-shadow-none"
        data-target="qbsearch-input.inputButton"
        aria-label="Search or jump to…"
        aria-haspopup="dialog"
        placeholder="Search or jump to..."
        data-hotkey=s,/
        autocapitalize="off"
        data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;searchbar&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;global&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;input&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;searchbar_input_global_navbar&quot;}"
        data-action="click:qbsearch-input#handleExpand"
      >
        <div class="mr-2 color-fg-muted">
          <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search">
    <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path>
</svg>
        </div>
        <span class="flex-1" data-target="qbsearch-input.inputButtonText">Search or jump to...</span>
          <div class="d-flex" data-target="qbsearch-input.hotkeyIndicator">
            <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="22" height="20" aria-hidden="true" class="mr-1"><path fill="none" stroke="#979A9C" opacity=".4" d="M3.5.5h12c1.7 0 3 1.3 3 3v13c0 1.7-1.3 3-3 3h-12c-1.7 0-3-1.3-3-3v-13c0-1.7 1.3-3 3-3z"></path><path fill="#979A9C" d="M11.8 6L8 15.1h-.9L10.8 6h1z"></path></svg>
          </div>
      </button>

    <input type="hidden" name="type" class="js-site-search-type-field">

    
<div class="Overlay--hidden " data-modal-dialog-overlay>
  <modal-dialog data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleClose" data-target="qbsearch-input.searchSuggestionsDialog" role="dialog" id="search-suggestions-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="search-suggestions-dialog-header" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay--width-large Overlay--height-auto">
      <h1 id="search-suggestions-dialog-header" class="sr-only">Search code, repositories, users, issues, pull requests...</h1>
    <div class="Overlay-body Overlay-body--paddingNone">
      
          <div data-view-component="true">        <div class="search-suggestions position-fixed width-full color-shadow-large border color-fg-default color-bg-default overflow-hidden d-flex flex-column query-builder-container"
          style="border-radius: 12px;"
          data-target="qbsearch-input.queryBuilderContainer"
          hidden
        >
          <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="query-builder-test-form" action="" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get">
  <query-builder data-target="qbsearch-input.queryBuilder" id="query-builder-query-builder-test" data-filter-key=":" data-view-component="true" class="QueryBuilder search-query-builder">
    <div class="FormControl FormControl--fullWidth">
      <label id="query-builder-test-label" for="query-builder-test" class="FormControl-label sr-only">
        Search
      </label>
      <div
        class="QueryBuilder-StyledInput width-fit "
        data-target="query-builder.styledInput"
      >
          <span id="query-builder-test-leadingvisual-wrap" class="FormControl-input-leadingVisualWrap QueryBuilder-leadingVisualWrap">
            <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search FormControl-input-leadingVisual">
    <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path>
</svg>
          </span>
        <div data-target="query-builder.styledInputContainer" class="QueryBuilder-StyledInputContainer">
          <div
            aria-hidden="true"
            class="QueryBuilder-StyledInputContent"
            data-target="query-builder.styledInputContent"
          ></div>
          <div class="QueryBuilder-InputWrapper">
            <div aria-hidden="true" class="QueryBuilder-Sizer" data-target="query-builder.sizer"></div>
            <input id="query-builder-test" name="query-builder-test" value="" autocomplete="off" type="text" role="combobox" spellcheck="false" aria-expanded="false" aria-describedby="validation-20402cfd-d4e2-4602-9f87-818c9957a183" data-target="query-builder.input" data-action="
          input:query-builder#inputChange
          blur:query-builder#inputBlur
          keydown:query-builder#inputKeydown
          focus:query-builder#inputFocus
        " data-view-component="true" class="FormControl-input QueryBuilder-Input FormControl-medium" />
          </div>
        </div>
          <span class="sr-only" id="query-builder-test-clear">Clear</span>
          <button role="button" id="query-builder-test-clear-button" aria-labelledby="query-builder-test-clear query-builder-test-label" data-target="query-builder.clearButton" data-action="
                click:query-builder#clear
                focus:query-builder#clearButtonFocus
                blur:query-builder#clearButtonBlur
              " variant="small" hidden="hidden" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium mr-1 px-2 py-0 d-flex flex-items-center rounded-1 color-fg-muted">  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x-circle-fill Button-visual">
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</svg>
</button>

      </div>
      <template id="search-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search">
    <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="code-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code">
    <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="file-code-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-code">
    <path d="M4 1.75C4 .784 4.784 0 5.75 0h5.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 15h-9a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h9a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 10 4.25V1.5H5.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0Zm1.72 4.97a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734l1.47-1.47-1.47-1.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06ZM3.28 7.78 1.81 9.25l1.47 1.47a.751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Zm8.22-6.218V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="history-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history">
    <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="repo-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo">
    <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="bookmark-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bookmark">
    <path d="M3 2.75C3 1.784 3.784 1 4.75 1h6.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v11.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.227.579L8 11.722l-3.773 3.107A.751.751 0 0 1 3 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v9.91l3.023-2.489a.75.75 0 0 1 .954 0l3.023 2.49V2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="plus-circle-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-plus-circle">
    <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm7.25-3.25v2.5h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.5v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="circle-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill">
    <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="trash-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-trash">
    <path d="M11 1.75V3h2.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H2.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5H5V1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h2.5C10.216 0 11 .784 11 1.75ZM4.496 6.675l.66 6.6a.25.25 0 0 0 .249.225h5.19a.25.25 0 0 0 .249-.225l.66-6.6a.75.75 0 0 1 1.492.149l-.66 6.6A1.748 1.748 0 0 1 10.595 15h-5.19a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.741-1.575l-.66-6.6a.75.75 0 1 1 1.492-.15ZM6.5 1.75V3h3V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-2.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="team-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-people">
    <path d="M2 5.5a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 5.898 2.549 5.508 5.508 0 0 1 3.034 4.084.75.75 0 1 1-1.482.235 4 4 0 0 0-7.9 0 .75.75 0 0 1-1.482-.236A5.507 5.507 0 0 1 3.102 8.05 3.493 3.493 0 0 1 2 5.5ZM11 4a3.001 3.001 0 0 1 2.22 5.018 5.01 5.01 0 0 1 2.56 3.012.749.749 0 0 1-.885.954.752.752 0 0 1-.549-.514 3.507 3.507 0 0 0-2.522-2.372.75.75 0 0 1-.574-.73v-.352a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-.672A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 11 5.5.75.75 0 0 1 11 4Zm-5.5-.5a2 2 0 1 0-.001 3.999A2 2 0 0 0 5.5 3.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="project-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project">
    <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="pencil-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-pencil">
    <path d="M11.013 1.427a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2.474 0l1.086 1.086a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-8.61 8.61c-.21.21-.47.364-.756.445l-3.251.93a.75.75 0 0 1-.927-.928l.929-3.25c.081-.286.235-.547.445-.758l8.61-8.61Zm.176 4.823L9.75 4.81l-6.286 6.287a.253.253 0 0 0-.064.108l-.558 1.953 1.953-.558a.253.253 0 0 0 .108-.064Zm1.238-3.763a.25.25 0 0 0-.354 0L10.811 3.75l1.439 1.44 1.263-1.263a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="copilot-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot">
    <path d="M7.998 15.035c-4.562 0-7.873-2.914-7.998-3.749V9.338c.085-.628.677-1.686 1.588-2.065.013-.07.024-.143.036-.218.029-.183.06-.384.126-.612-.201-.508-.254-1.084-.254-1.656 0-.87.128-1.769.693-2.484.579-.733 1.494-1.124 2.724-1.261 1.206-.134 2.262.034 2.944.765.05.053.096.108.139.165.044-.057.094-.112.143-.165.682-.731 1.738-.899 2.944-.765 1.23.137 2.145.528 2.724 1.261.566.715.693 1.614.693 2.484 0 .572-.053 1.148-.254 1.656.066.228.098.429.126.612.012.076.024.148.037.218.924.385 1.522 1.471 1.591 2.095v1.872c0 .766-3.351 3.795-8.002 3.795Zm0-1.485c2.28 0 4.584-1.11 5.002-1.433V7.862l-.023-.116c-.49.21-1.075.291-1.727.291-1.146 0-2.059-.327-2.71-.991A3.222 3.222 0 0 1 8 6.303a3.24 3.24 0 0 1-.544.743c-.65.664-1.563.991-2.71.991-.652 0-1.236-.081-1.727-.291l-.023.116v4.255c.419.323 2.722 1.433 5.002 1.433ZM6.762 2.83c-.193-.206-.637-.413-1.682-.297-1.019.113-1.479.404-1.713.7-.247.312-.369.789-.369 1.554 0 .793.129 1.171.308 1.371.162.181.519.379 1.442.379.853 0 1.339-.235 1.638-.54.315-.322.527-.827.617-1.553.117-.935-.037-1.395-.241-1.614Zm4.155-.297c-1.044-.116-1.488.091-1.681.297-.204.219-.359.679-.242 1.614.091.726.303 1.231.618 1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Z"></path><path d="M6.25 9.037a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.25.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="copilot-error-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot-error">
    <path d="M16 11.24c0 .112-.072.274-.21.467L13 9.688V7.862l-.023-.116c-.49.21-1.075.291-1.727.291-.198 0-.388-.009-.571-.029L6.833 5.226a4.01 4.01 0 0 0 .17-.782c.117-.935-.037-1.395-.241-1.614-.193-.206-.637-.413-1.682-.297-.683.076-1.115.231-1.395.415l-1.257-.91c.579-.564 1.413-.877 2.485-.996 1.206-.134 2.262.034 2.944.765.05.053.096.108.139.165.044-.057.094-.112.143-.165.682-.731 1.738-.899 2.944-.765 1.23.137 2.145.528 2.724 1.261.566.715.693 1.614.693 2.484 0 .572-.053 1.148-.254 1.656.066.228.098.429.126.612.012.076.024.148.037.218.924.385 1.522 1.471 1.591 2.095Zm-5.083-8.707c-1.044-.116-1.488.091-1.681.297-.204.219-.359.679-.242 1.614.091.726.303 1.231.618 1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Zm2.511 11.074c-1.393.776-3.272 1.428-5.43 1.428-4.562 0-7.873-2.914-7.998-3.749V9.338c.085-.628.677-1.686 1.588-2.065.013-.07.024-.143.036-.218.029-.183.06-.384.126-.612-.18-.455-.241-.963-.252-1.475L.31 4.107A.747.747 0 0 1 0 3.509V3.49a.748.748 0 0 1 .625-.73c.156-.026.306.047.435.139l14.667 10.578a.592.592 0 0 1 .227.264.752.752 0 0 1 .046.249v.022a.75.75 0 0 1-1.19.596Zm-1.367-.991L5.635 7.964a5.128 5.128 0 0 1-.889.073c-.652 0-1.236-.081-1.727-.291l-.023.116v4.255c.419.323 2.722 1.433 5.002 1.433 1.539 0 3.089-.505 4.063-.934Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="workflow-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow">
    <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h3.5C6.216 0 7 .784 7 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5.25 7H4v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4v-1.25C9 9.784 9.784 9 10.75 9h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16h-3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 14.25v-.75H5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 11V7h-.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 5.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm9 9a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="book-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book">
    <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.003 2.5H1.5v9h3.757a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 1.994.574ZM8.755 4.75l-.004 7.322a3.752 3.752 0 0 1 1.992-.572H14.5v-9h-3.495a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.25 2.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="code-review-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review">
    <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 13H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 14.543V13H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 11.25v-8.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Zm5.28 1.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06L5.31 7l1.47 1.47a.751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Zm2.44 0a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L10.69 7 9.22 5.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="codespaces-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces">
    <path d="M0 11.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm2-9.5C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h8.5C13.216 0 14 .784 14 1.75v5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 6.75Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M7 12.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="comment-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment">
    <path d="M1 2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h10.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 12H9.06l-2.573 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 4 13.543V12H2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1 10.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h4.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="comment-discussion-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion">
    <path d="M1.75 1h8.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 10.25 10H7.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 2 11.543V10h-.25A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 8.25v-5.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v5.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Zm13 2a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 12H14v1.543a1.458 1.458 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L9.22 12.28a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l2.22 2.22v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h1a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25Z"></path>
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</template>

<template id="organization-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-organization">
    <path d="M1.75 16A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h8.5C11.216 0 12 .784 12 1.75v12.5c0 .085-.006.168-.018.25h2.268a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V8.285a.25.25 0 0 0-.111-.208l-1.055-.703a.749.749 0 1 1 .832-1.248l1.055.703c.487.325.779.871.779 1.456v5.965A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16h-3.5a.766.766 0 0 1-.197-.026c-.099.017-.2.026-.303.026h-3a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V14h-1v1.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75Zm-.25-1.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H4v-1.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.25h2.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM3.75 6h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM3 3.75A.75.75 0 0 1 3.75 3h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 3 3.75Zm4 3A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 6h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7 6.75ZM7.75 3h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM3 9.75A.75.75 0 0 1 3.75 9h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 3 9.75ZM7.75 9h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="rocket-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-rocket">
    <path d="M14.064 0h.186C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v.186a8.752 8.752 0 0 1-2.564 6.186l-.458.459c-.314.314-.641.616-.979.904v3.207c0 .608-.315 1.172-.833 1.49l-2.774 1.707a.749.749 0 0 1-1.11-.418l-.954-3.102a1.214 1.214 0 0 1-.145-.125L3.754 9.816a1.218 1.218 0 0 1-.124-.145L.528 8.717a.749.749 0 0 1-.418-1.11l1.71-2.774A1.748 1.748 0 0 1 3.31 4h3.204c.288-.338.59-.665.904-.979l.459-.458A8.749 8.749 0 0 1 14.064 0ZM8.938 3.623h-.002l-.458.458c-.76.76-1.437 1.598-2.02 2.5l-1.5 2.317 2.143 2.143 2.317-1.5c.902-.583 1.74-1.26 2.499-2.02l.459-.458a7.25 7.25 0 0 0 2.123-5.127V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-.186a7.249 7.249 0 0 0-5.125 2.123ZM3.56 14.56c-.732.732-2.334 1.045-3.005 1.148a.234.234 0 0 1-.201-.064.234.234 0 0 1-.064-.201c.103-.671.416-2.273 1.15-3.003a1.502 1.502 0 1 1 2.12 2.12Zm6.94-3.935c-.088.06-.177.118-.266.175l-2.35 1.521.548 1.783 1.949-1.2a.25.25 0 0 0 .119-.213ZM3.678 8.116 5.2 5.766c.058-.09.117-.178.176-.266H3.309a.25.25 0 0 0-.213.119l-1.2 1.95ZM12 5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="shield-check-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check">
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<template id="package-icon">
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<template id="credit-card-icon">
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<template id="play-icon">
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<template id="code-square-icon">
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        <div class="position-relative">
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            <input
              type="text"
              name="custom_scope_query"
              id="custom_scope_query"
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            To see all available qualifiers, see our <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax">documentation</a>.
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                data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header menu&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;SIGN_UP&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="d2a64e18f9b4929805594f6b02fc31de53c9ac647e50aea9cb5780792fe68c40"
                data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Marketing nav&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;click to go to homepage&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Sign in;ref_loc:Header&quot;}"
              >
                Sign in
              </a>
            </div>

              <a href="/signup?ref_cta=Sign+up&amp;ref_loc=header+logged+out&amp;ref_page=%2F%3Cuser-name%3E%2F%3Crepo-name%3E%2Fvoltron%2Fissues_fragments%2Fissue_layout&amp;source=header-repo&amp;source_repo=cplusplus%2Fdraft"
                class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-link--sign-up HeaderMenu-button flex-shrink-0 d-flex d-lg-inline-flex no-underline border color-border-default rounded px-2 py-1"
                data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header menu&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;SIGN_UP&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="d2a64e18f9b4929805594f6b02fc31de53c9ac647e50aea9cb5780792fe68c40"
                data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Sign up&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;click to sign up for account&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ref_page:/&lt;user-name&gt;/&lt;repo-name&gt;/voltron/issues_fragments/issue_layout;ref_cta:Sign up;ref_loc:header logged out&quot;}"
              >
                Sign up
              </a>

                <div class="AppHeader-appearanceSettings">
    <react-partial-anchor>
      <button data-target="react-partial-anchor.anchor" id="icon-button-8f362e94-a378-4122-ad6f-aa056fdfc610" aria-labelledby="tooltip-a226122d-ef81-4c59-a934-971c9e599b3a" type="button" disabled="disabled" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium AppHeader-button HeaderMenu-link border cursor-wait">  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-sliders Button-visual">
    <path d="M15 2.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Zm-8.5.75v1.25a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-4a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0V2H1.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5H6.5Zm1.25 5.25a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-6a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h6ZM15 8a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H11.5V10a.75.75 0 1 1-1.5 0V6a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.25h2.75A.75.75 0 0 1 15 8Zm-9 5.25v-2a.75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0v1.25H1.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5H4.5v1.25a.75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0v-2Zm9 0a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-6a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h6a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Z"></path>
</svg>
</button><tool-tip id="tooltip-a226122d-ef81-4c59-a934-971c9e599b3a" for="icon-button-8f362e94-a378-4122-ad6f-aa056fdfc610" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Appearance settings</tool-tip>

      <template data-target="react-partial-anchor.template">
        <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/appearance-settings.6c63a6de228d6520804d.module.css" />

<react-partial
  partial-name="appearance-settings"
  data-ssr="false"
  data-attempted-ssr="false"
  data-react-profiling="false"
>
  
  <script type="application/json" data-target="react-partial.embeddedData">{"props":{}}</script>
  <div data-target="react-partial.reactRoot"></div>
</react-partial>


      </template>
    </react-partial-anchor>
  </div>

          <button type="button" class="sr-only js-header-menu-focus-trap d-block d-lg-none">Resetting focus</button>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</header>

      <div hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="js-stale-session-flash stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-full">
  
        <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert">
    <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-in" hidden>You signed in with another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-out" hidden>You signed out in another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-switched" hidden>You switched accounts on another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>

    <button id="icon-button-5922d957-2d52-4332-9c13-94d7a0e78bb1" aria-labelledby="tooltip-773c9bb9-975f-4571-a038-6119967d50d8" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium flash-close js-flash-close">  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x Button-visual">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</button><tool-tip id="tooltip-773c9bb9-975f-4571-a038-6119967d50d8" for="icon-button-5922d957-2d52-4332-9c13-94d7a0e78bb1" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Dismiss alert</tool-tip>


  
</div>
    </div>

  <div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>








    <div id="js-flash-container" class="flash-container" data-turbo-replace>




  <template class="js-flash-template">
    
<div class="flash flash-full   {{ className }}">
  <div >
    <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
    </button>
    <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert">
      
      <div>{{ message }}</div>

    </div>
  </div>
</div>
  </template>
</div>


    






  <div
    class="application-main "
    data-commit-hovercards-enabled
    data-discussion-hovercards-enabled
    data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled
    data-project-hovercards-enabled
  >
        <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class="">
    <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
      
      
    

    






  
  <div id="repository-container-header"  class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--page-header-bgColor, var(--color-page-header-bg));" data-turbo-replace>

      <div class="d-flex flex-nowrap flex-justify-end mb-3  px-3 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">

        <div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit">
            
  <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2">
    <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path>
</svg>
    
    <span class="author flex-self-stretch" itemprop="author">
      <a class="url fn" rel="author" data-hovercard-type="organization" data-hovercard-url="/orgs/cplusplus/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="/cplusplus">
        cplusplus
</a>    </span>
    <span class="mx-1 flex-self-stretch color-fg-muted">/</span>
    <strong itemprop="name" class="mr-2 flex-self-stretch">
      <a data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/cplusplus/draft">draft</a>
    </strong>

    <span></span><span class="Label Label--secondary v-align-middle mr-1">Public</span>
  </div>


        </div>

        <div id="repository-details-container" class="flex-shrink-0" data-turbo-replace style="max-width: 70%;">
            <ul class="pagehead-actions flex-shrink-0 d-none d-md-inline" style="padding: 2px 0;">
    
      

  <li>
            <a href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" id="repository-details-watch-button" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;notification subscription menu watch&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="ff37ee30d5bed35a2c4543fea3771b54788408c6294f6949d598a36e7284afbb" aria-label="You must be signed in to change notification settings" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2">
    <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path>
</svg>Notifications
</a>    <tool-tip id="tooltip-f0fcabeb-03e7-421e-8f59-b5628c682d5a" for="repository-details-watch-button" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="description" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">You must be signed in to change notification settings</tool-tip>

  </li>

  <li>
          <a icon="repo-forked" id="fork-button" href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;repo details fork button&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:2216249,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="fc2c26a308e4b4d74317bec3092380c58c7febe549427530dce0c791f15917b4" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2">
    <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>Fork
    <span id="repo-network-counter" data-pjax-replace="true" data-turbo-replace="true" title="793" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">793</span>
</a>
  </li>

  <li>
        <div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex">
        <a href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;star button&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:2216249,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="c2e934906906b2bfd2165045d55fb85b37e8d70d5cacd85d9c586b59fee9b9e9" aria-label="You must be signed in to star a repository" data-view-component="true" class="tooltipped tooltipped-sw btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2">
    <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path>
</svg><span data-view-component="true" class="d-inline">
          Star
</span>          <span id="repo-stars-counter-star" aria-label="5938 users starred this repository" data-singular-suffix="user starred this repository" data-plural-suffix="users starred this repository" data-turbo-replace="true" title="5,938" data-view-component="true" class="Counter js-social-count">5.9k</span>
</a></div>
  </li>

</ul>

        </div>
      </div>

        <div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace>
</div>


          <nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">

  <ul data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-body list-style-none">
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="code-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft" data-tab-item="i0code-tab" data-selected-links="repo_source repo_downloads repo_commits repo_releases repo_tags repo_branches repo_packages repo_deployments repo_attestations /cplusplus/draft" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g c" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Code&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item">
    
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
    <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span data-content="Code">Code</span>
          <span id="code-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="Not available" data-view-component="true" class="Counter"></span>


    
</a></li>
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="issues-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft/issues" data-tab-item="i1issues-tab" data-selected-links="repo_issues repo_labels repo_milestones /cplusplus/draft/issues" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g i" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Issues&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" aria-current="page" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item selected">
    
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
    <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span data-content="Issues">Issues</span>
          <span id="issues-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="685" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">685</span>


    
</a></li>
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="pull-requests-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft/pulls" data-tab-item="i2pull-requests-tab" data-selected-links="repo_pulls checks /cplusplus/draft/pulls" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g p" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Pull requests&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item">
    
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-git-pull-request UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
    <path d="M1.5 3.25a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 3 2.122v5.256a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5.372A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 1.5 3.25Zm5.677-.177L9.573.677A.25.25 0 0 1 10 .854V2.5h1A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 13.5 5v5.628a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V5a1 1 0 0 0-1-1h-1v1.646a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L7.177 3.427a.25.25 0 0 1 0-.354ZM3.75 2.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm0 9.5a.75.75 0 1 0 0 1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5Zm8.25.75a.75.75 0 1 0 1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0-1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span data-content="Pull requests">Pull requests</span>
          <span id="pull-requests-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="298" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">298</span>


    
</a></li>
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="actions-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft/actions" data-tab-item="i3actions-tab" data-selected-links="repo_actions /cplusplus/draft/actions" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g a" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Actions&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item">
    
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  <script type="application/json" data-target="react-app.embeddedData">{"payload":{"preloaded_records":{},"structured_data":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DiscussionForumPosting","headline":"the lifetime of the variant members of union class objects operated by memcpy","articleBody":"Consider this example\r\n`````cpp\r\nunion U{\r\n   int i;\r\n   char c;\r\n};\r\nU u1 = {.i = 1};  // #1\r\nU u2 = {.c = 0};  // #2\r\nstd::memcpy(\u0026u2, \u0026u1, sizeof(U));  // #3\r\n`````\r\nAt `#1`, the variant member `U::i` of the object `u1` is active,  while at `#2`, the variant member `U::c` of the object `u2` is active. Since [cstring.syn] p3 says\r\n\u003e The functions memcpy and memmove are signal-safe. Both functions **implicitly create objects ([intro.object]) in the destination region of storage** immediately prior to copying the sequence of characters to the destination.\r\n\r\nThus, before the copying starts, what can be sure is that an object of type `U` is implicitly created in the specified storage. In addition, the lifetime of either `U::i` or `U::c` can start due to the \"implicitly create objects\" but not both. Which is regulated by [class.union.general] p2 \r\n\u003e At most one of the non-static data members of an object of union type can be active at any time, that is, the value of at most one of the non-static data members can be stored in a union at any time.   \r\n\r\nSince, immediately prior to copying, we cannot determine which variant member has begun its lifetime in the newly created union object that occupies the storage of `u2`. Also, after the copying, we also cannot determine which one is active. Is it `U::i` because the corresponding variant is active in the source? Or, Is it `U::c` since it's the one selected by the \"implicitly creating objects\" operation. \r\n\r\n\r\n","author":{"url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","@type":"Person","name":"xmh0511"},"datePublished":"2022-01-18T14:03:42.000Z","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":18},"url":"https://github.com/5213/draft/issues/5213"},"preloadedQueries":[{"queryId":"cee21fcf82c877ad153a2db35b36eb94","queryName":"IssueViewerViewQuery","variables":{"count":15,"id":"repository","number":5213,"owner":"cplusplus","repo":"draft"},"result":{"data":{"repository":{"isOwnerEnterpriseManaged":false,"issue":{"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","updatedAt":"2023-07-31T06:06:33Z","title":"the lifetime of the variant members of union class objects operated by memcpy","number":5213,"repository":{"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","login":"cplusplus","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus","databaseId":59276},"isArchived":false,"isPrivate":false,"databaseId":2216249,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"visibility":"PUBLIC","viewerCanPush":false,"viewerCanInteract":false,"viewerInteractionLimitReasonHTML":"","planFeatures":{"maximumAssignees":10},"isCopilotAgentEnabled":null,"pinnedIssues":{"totalCount":0},"viewerCanPinIssues":false,"viewerIssueCreationPermissions":{"triageable":false},"issueTypes":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvmw"}},{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvnQ"}},{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvog"}}]}},"titleHTML":"the lifetime of the variant members of union class objects operated by memcpy","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213","viewerCanUpdateNext":false,"issueType":null,"state":"OPEN","stateReason":null,"duplicateOf":null,"linkedPullRequests":{"nodes":[]},"subIssuesSummary":{"total":0,"completed":0},"__isLabelable":"Issue","labels":{"edges":[],"pageInfo":{"endCursor":null,"hasNextPage":false}},"__isNode":"Issue","assignedActors":{"nodes":[]},"milestone":null,"databaseId":1106947092,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"locked":false,"author":{"__typename":"User","__isActor":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4"},"__isComment":"Issue","body":"Consider this example\r\n`````cpp\r\nunion U{\r\n   int i;\r\n   char c;\r\n};\r\nU u1 = {.i = 1};  // #1\r\nU u2 = {.c = 0};  // #2\r\nstd::memcpy(\u0026u2, \u0026u1, sizeof(U));  // #3\r\n`````\r\nAt `#1`, the variant member `U::i` of the object `u1` is active,  while at `#2`, the variant member `U::c` of the object `u2` is active. Since [cstring.syn] p3 says\r\n\u003e The functions memcpy and memmove are signal-safe. Both functions **implicitly create objects ([intro.object]) in the destination region of storage** immediately prior to copying the sequence of characters to the destination.\r\n\r\nThus, before the copying starts, what can be sure is that an object of type `U` is implicitly created in the specified storage. In addition, the lifetime of either `U::i` or `U::c` can start due to the \"implicitly create objects\" but not both. Which is regulated by [class.union.general] p2 \r\n\u003e At most one of the non-static data members of an object of union type can be active at any time, that is, the value of at most one of the non-static data members can be stored in a union at any time.   \r\n\r\nSince, immediately prior to copying, we cannot determine which variant member has begun its lifetime in the newly created union object that occupies the storage of `u2`. Also, after the copying, we also cannot determine which one is active. Is it `U::i` because the corresponding variant is active in the source? Or, Is it `U::c` since it's the one selected by the \"implicitly creating objects\" operation. \r\n\r\n\r\n","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eConsider this example\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"union U{\n   int i;\n   char c;\n};\nU u1 = {.i = 1};  // #1\nU u2 = {.c = 0};  // #2\nstd::memcpy(\u0026amp;u2, \u0026amp;u1, sizeof(U));  // #3\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eunion\u003c/span\u003e U{\n   \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e i;\n   \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e c;\n};\nU u1 = {.\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e};  \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #1\u003c/span\u003e\nU u2 = {.\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0\u003c/span\u003e};  \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #2\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estd::memcpy\u003c/span\u003e(\u0026amp;u2, \u0026amp;u1, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003esizeof\u003c/span\u003e(U));  \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #3\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAt \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e, the variant member \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::i\u003c/code\u003e of the object \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eu1\u003c/code\u003e is active,  while at \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#2\u003c/code\u003e, the variant member \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::c\u003c/code\u003e of the object \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eu2\u003c/code\u003e is active. Since [cstring.syn] p3 says\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe functions memcpy and memmove are signal-safe. Both functions \u003cstrong\u003eimplicitly create objects ([intro.object]) in the destination region of storage\u003c/strong\u003e immediately prior to copying the sequence of characters to the destination.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThus, before the copying starts, what can be sure is that an object of type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU\u003c/code\u003e is implicitly created in the specified storage. In addition, the lifetime of either \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::i\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::c\u003c/code\u003e can start due to the \"implicitly create objects\" but not both. Which is regulated by [class.union.general] p2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAt most one of the non-static data members of an object of union type can be active at any time, that is, the value of at most one of the non-static data members can be stored in a union at any time.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSince, immediately prior to copying, we cannot determine which variant member has begun its lifetime in the newly created union object that occupies the storage of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eu2\u003c/code\u003e. Also, after the copying, we also cannot determine which one is active. Is it \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::i\u003c/code\u003e because the corresponding variant is active in the source? Or, Is it \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::c\u003c/code\u003e since it's the one selected by the \"implicitly creating objects\" operation.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"1455b014642e7086772b22883e5800d71a705eb0bbd1ab2b3784381d3c1a458b","createdAt":"2022-01-18T14:03:42Z","__isReactable":"Issue","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"viewerCanUpdateMetadata":false,"viewerCanComment":false,"viewerCanAssign":false,"viewerCanLabel":false,"__isIssueOrPullRequest":"Issue","projectItemsNext":{"edges":[],"pageInfo":{"endCursor":null,"hasNextPage":false}},"viewerCanSetMilestone":false,"isPinned":false,"viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanTransfer":false,"viewerCanConvertToDiscussion":false,"viewerCanLock":false,"viewerCanType":false,"viewerCanSetFields":false,"issueFieldValues":{"nodes":[]},"frontTimelineItems":{"pageInfo":{"hasNextPage":true,"endCursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfny1jSAAqjEwMTg0ODEyOTY="},"totalCount":19,"edges":[{"node":{"__typename":"RenamedTitleEvent","__isIssueTimelineItems":"RenamedTitleEvent","__isTimelineEvent":"RenamedTitleEvent","databaseId":5910794242,"createdAt":"2022-01-18T14:04:18Z","actor":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx","__isActor":"User","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?s=64\u0026u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileResourcePath":"/xmh0511"},"currentTitle":"the lifetime of the variant members of union class objects operated by memcpy","previousTitle":"the lifetime of the variant member of union class objects operated by memcpy","__isNode":"RenamedTitleEvent","id":"RTE_lADOACHROc5B-qwUzwAAAAFgT5AC"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfm2AstABqjU5MTA3OTQyNDI="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1015444492,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48hnQM","body":"may have some connections with issue https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5193","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003emay have some connections with issue \u003ca class=\"issue-link js-issue-link\" data-error-text=\"Failed to load title\" data-id=\"1097510198\" data-permission-text=\"Title is private\" data-url=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5193\" data-hovercard-type=\"issue\" data-hovercard-url=\"/cplusplus/draft/issues/5193/hovercard\" href=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5193\"\u003e#5193\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"b64988ff8bce8ae8e566c15a2d99fe4e27c4c5d68098f6b604b309519637c6c7","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1015444492","createdAt":"2022-01-18T14:06:38Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-01-18T14:06:45Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc48hnQMziA3eCc"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfm2C1bAAqjEwMTU0NDQ0OTI="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1016067214,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"frederick-vs-ja","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23228989?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48j_SO","body":"\u003e Thus, before the copying starts, what can be sure is that an object of type `U` is implicitly created in the specified storage.\r\n\r\nIt cannot be sure according to [intro.object] p10 (... that operation implicitly creates and starts the lifetime of **zero or more** objects of implicit-lifetime types ...), because the invocation may even create no object (in this case, `u2.c` is still active). The non-determinism has been mentioned [here](https://lists.isocpp.org/sg12/2021/10/0985.php).\r\n\r\nI'm not sure whether implicit object creation can end the lifetime of a living object. If so, the effect of the `memcpy` call is non-deterministic: it may create no object, or a new `U` object whose `U::i` or `U::c` is active, or create a new object of a different type in the target storage. But if implicit object creation can't end the lifetime of a living object, we can be sure that the active member of `u2` is unchanged.\r\n\r\nConsider this example which may be unrelated to the existing active member:\r\n```C++\r\nunion U { int i; char c; };\r\n\r\nU u1{.i = 1};\r\nalignas(U) unsigned char buf[sizeof(U)]; // #1\r\nstd::memcpy(buf, \u0026u1, sizeof(U)); // #2\r\n\r\nauto p = std::launder(reinterpret_cast\u003cU*\u003e(buf)); // #3\r\nauto consume = [](auto){};\r\nif (std::rand() \u003c RAND_MAX / 2)\r\n    consume(p-\u003ei); // #4\r\nelse \r\n    consume(p-\u003ec); // #5\r\n```\r\nHere `#1` and `#2` implicitly create objects in `buf`, but it's non-deterministic which objects are created. Then `#3` requires that a `U` object is created, but it's active member is non-deterministic. Finally `#4` and `#5` determine which member of `*p` is created.","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThus, before the copying starts, what can be sure is that an object of type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU\u003c/code\u003e is implicitly created in the specified storage.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt cannot be sure according to [intro.object] p10 (... that operation implicitly creates and starts the lifetime of \u003cstrong\u003ezero or more\u003c/strong\u003e objects of implicit-lifetime types ...), because the invocation may even create no object (in this case, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eu2.c\u003c/code\u003e is still active). The non-determinism has been mentioned \u003ca href=\"https://lists.isocpp.org/sg12/2021/10/0985.php\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI'm not sure whether implicit object creation can end the lifetime of a living object. If so, the effect of the \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ememcpy\u003c/code\u003e call is non-deterministic: it may create no object, or a new \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU\u003c/code\u003e object whose \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::i\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::c\u003c/code\u003e is active, or create a new object of a different type in the target storage. But if implicit object creation can't end the lifetime of a living object, we can be sure that the active member of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eu2\u003c/code\u003e is unchanged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eConsider this example which may be unrelated to the existing active member:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"union U { int i; char c; };\n\nU u1{.i = 1};\nalignas(U) unsigned char buf[sizeof(U)]; // #1\nstd::memcpy(buf, \u0026amp;u1, sizeof(U)); // #2\n\nauto p = std::launder(reinterpret_cast\u0026lt;U*\u0026gt;(buf)); // #3\nauto consume = [](auto){};\nif (std::rand() \u0026lt; RAND_MAX / 2)\n    consume(p-\u0026gt;i); // #4\nelse \n    consume(p-\u0026gt;c); // #5\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eunion\u003c/span\u003e U { \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e i; \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e c; };\n\nU u1{.\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e = \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e};\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ealignas\u003c/span\u003e(U) \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eunsigned\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e buf[\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003esizeof\u003c/span\u003e(U)]; \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #1\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estd::memcpy\u003c/span\u003e(buf, \u0026amp;u1, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003esizeof\u003c/span\u003e(U)); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #2\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e p = std::launder(\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereinterpret_cast\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;U*\u0026gt;(buf)); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #3\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e consume = [](\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eauto\u003c/span\u003e){};\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e (std::rand() \u0026lt; RAND_MAX / \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e)\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003econsume\u003c/span\u003e(p-\u0026gt;i); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #4\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e \n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003econsume\u003c/span\u003e(p-\u0026gt;c); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #5\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#2\u003c/code\u003e implicitly create objects in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ebuf\u003c/code\u003e, but it's non-deterministic which objects are created. Then \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#3\u003c/code\u003e requires that a \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU\u003c/code\u003e object is created, but it's active member is non-deterministic. Finally \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#4\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#5\u003c/code\u003e determine which member of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e*p\u003c/code\u003e is created.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"87b48700461cf2baedfbb57d89713276b8372dcec8d47e153ec9f42717a9e0f6","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1016067214","createdAt":"2022-01-19T04:20:12Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-01-19T05:24:45Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","login":"frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc48j_SOziA88C4"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnCQTGAAqjEwMTYwNjcyMTQ="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1016148657,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48kTKx","body":"\u003e I'm not sure whether implicit object creation can end the lifetime of a living object.  \r\n\r\nIMO, if the operation of the implicitly creating object creates at least one object, then that living object will be ended its lifetime since the newly created object **reuses** the storage occupied by that living object.  \r\n\r\n\u003e Finally #4 and #5 determine which member of *p is created.\r\n\r\nI'm not 100% sure that I correctly understand [intro.object] p10.\r\n\u003e If no such set of objects would give the program defined behavior, the behavior of the program is undefined.  \r\n\r\nSo, in order to make the program be well-defined, the lifetime of `U::i` and `U::c` should both be alive since either of them is possible to be evaluated. According to [class.union], **at any time** only at most one member should be active. Hence, there is no such set of objects that would give the program defined behavior(i.e., the operation of the implicitly creating object is impossible to make both variants be alive to guarantee the program to be well-defined), thus the behavior of the program is undefined. \r\n\r\n***\r\nIncidentally, it is reasonable that the behavior of that `memcpy` from a union class object to another union class object should be consistent with that of an implicitly-defined copy assignment operator for a union class. They have the common point: copy the object representation","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI'm not sure whether implicit object creation can end the lifetime of a living object.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIMO, if the operation of the implicitly creating object creates at least one object, then that living object will be ended its lifetime since the newly created object \u003cstrong\u003ereuses\u003c/strong\u003e the storage occupied by that living object.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFinally \u003ca class=\"issue-link js-issue-link\" data-error-text=\"Failed to load title\" data-id=\"2862800\" data-permission-text=\"Title is private\" data-url=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/4\" data-hovercard-type=\"pull_request\" data-hovercard-url=\"/cplusplus/draft/pull/4/hovercard\" href=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/pull/4\"\u003e#4\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca class=\"issue-link js-issue-link\" data-error-text=\"Failed to load title\" data-id=\"2903968\" data-permission-text=\"Title is private\" data-url=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5\" data-hovercard-type=\"pull_request\" data-hovercard-url=\"/cplusplus/draft/pull/5/hovercard\" href=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/pull/5\"\u003e#5\u003c/a\u003e determine which member of *p is created.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI'm not 100% sure that I correctly understand [intro.object] p10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf no such set of objects would give the program defined behavior, the behavior of the program is undefined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo, in order to make the program be well-defined, the lifetime of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::i\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::c\u003c/code\u003e should both be alive since either of them is possible to be evaluated. According to [class.union], \u003cstrong\u003eat any time\u003c/strong\u003e only at most one member should be active. Hence, there is no such set of objects that would give the program defined behavior(i.e., the operation of the implicitly creating object is impossible to make both variants be alive to guarantee the program to be well-defined), thus the behavior of the program is undefined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIncidentally, it is reasonable that the behavior of that \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ememcpy\u003c/code\u003e from a union class object to another union class object should be consistent with that of an implicitly-defined copy assignment operator for a union class. They have the common point: copy the object representation\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"140e27eb0803d375dcd7dfe6bb52e77b214061b4ab712307aefea64d5abe70f9","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1016148657","createdAt":"2022-01-19T07:13:45Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-01-19T07:24:07Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc48kTKxziA9Zp0"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnEvMCgAqjEwMTYxNDg2NTc="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1016178067,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"frederick-vs-ja","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23228989?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48kaWT","body":"\u003e So, in order to make the program be well-defined, the lifetime of `U::i` and `U::c` should both be alive since either of them is possible to be evaluated.\r\n\r\nI don't think so. IIUC only one member is needed to be alive as only one of `#4` and `#5` is evaluated, and [intro.object] p10 permits such understanding:\r\n- If `#4` is evaluated, then the set of created objects includes `*p` and `p-\u003ei`, otherwise\r\n- `#5` is evaluated, and the set of created objects includes `*p` and `p-\u003ec`.\r\n\r\nIn every execution of the program, only one of these two mutually exclusive cases is encounted, so the program has defined behavior.","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSo, in order to make the program be well-defined, the lifetime of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::i\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eU::c\u003c/code\u003e should both be alive since either of them is possible to be evaluated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI don't think so. IIUC only one member is needed to be alive as only one of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#4\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#5\u003c/code\u003e is evaluated, and [intro.object] p10 permits such understanding:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIf \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#4\u003c/code\u003e is evaluated, then the set of created objects includes \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e*p\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e, otherwise\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#5\u003c/code\u003e is evaluated, and the set of created objects includes \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e*p\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn every execution of the program, only one of these two mutually exclusive cases is encounted, so the program has defined behavior.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"575347bdcd6d4730ca428a33a891c4522fdddde81cf2a5f502a1f3e9a27bf692","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1016178067","createdAt":"2022-01-19T08:03:23Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnFcoPgAqjEwMTYxNzgwNjc="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1016198438,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48kfUm","body":"The implicitly creating objects operation is at `#2`, at this point, how do you know which substatement of the below `if` statement will be executed? Informally say, it is known until the runtime.  In addition, [basic.life] p1 does not admit the operation of implicitly creating objects can start the lifetime of a union member\r\n\u003e except that if the object is a union member or subobject thereof, its lifetime **only begins** if that union member is the initialized member in the union ([dcl.init.aggr], [class.base.init]), or as described in [class.union] and [class.copy.ctor], and except as described in [allocator.members].  \r\n\r\nAs I said, `memcpy` operation for a union class should be regulated with a special rule to clear the hazy here.","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe implicitly creating objects operation is at \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#2\u003c/code\u003e, at this point, how do you know which substatement of the below \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eif\u003c/code\u003e statement will be executed? Informally say, it is known until the runtime.  In addition, [basic.life] p1 does not admit the operation of implicitly creating objects can start the lifetime of a union member\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eexcept that if the object is a union member or subobject thereof, its lifetime \u003cstrong\u003eonly begins\u003c/strong\u003e if that union member is the initialized member in the union ([dcl.init.aggr], [class.base.init]), or as described in [class.union] and [class.copy.ctor], and except as described in [allocator.members].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs I said, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ememcpy\u003c/code\u003e operation for a union class should be regulated with a special rule to clear the hazy here.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"233f8a7ce1d10d537a399dac8e010f5af9bd63de6f052c26a38f1e8128847203","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1016198438","createdAt":"2022-01-19T08:30:47Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnF1ttgAqjEwMTYxOTg0Mzg="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1016259211,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"frederick-vs-ja","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23228989?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48kuKL","body":"\u003e The implicitly creating objects operation is at `#2`, at this point, how do you know which substatement of the below if statement will be executed?\r\n\r\nYes, we can't know which substatement will be executed, and can't determine the set of created objects at `#2`. But I don't think the set is needed to be determined at this point.\r\n\r\n\u003e In addition, [basic.life] p1 does not admit the operation of implicitly creating objects can start the lifetime of a union member\r\n\r\nI don't think [basic.life] p1 convers the cases of implicit object creation, although the current wording is confusing for me.\r\nIf we consider that [basic.life] p1 does not admit that the operation of implicitly creating objects can starts the lifetime of a union member, then we should also consider the previous two bullets restrict the operations that start the lifetime of objects:\r\n\r\n\u003e (1.1) - storage with the proper alignment and size for type `T` is obtained, and\r\n\u003e (1.2) - its initialization (if any) is complete (including vacuous initialization) ([dcl.init]),\r\n\r\nIt's arguble whether the wording permits implicit object creation - because the latter never performs initialization.\r\n\r\n\u003e As I said, `memcpy` operation for a union class should be regulated with a special rule to clear the hazy here.\r\n\r\nHere might be hazy, but I don't think that unions are special. IMO the wording of [basic.life] should be harmonized with [intro.object].","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe implicitly creating objects operation is at \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#2\u003c/code\u003e, at this point, how do you know which substatement of the below if statement will be executed?\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYes, we can't know which substatement will be executed, and can't determine the set of created objects at \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#2\u003c/code\u003e. But I don't think the set is needed to be determined at this point.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn addition, [basic.life] p1 does not admit the operation of implicitly creating objects can start the lifetime of a union member\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI don't think [basic.life] p1 convers the cases of implicit object creation, although the current wording is confusing for me.\u003cbr\u003e\nIf we consider that [basic.life] p1 does not admit that the operation of implicitly creating objects can starts the lifetime of a union member, then we should also consider the previous two bullets restrict the operations that start the lifetime of objects:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(1.1) - storage with the proper alignment and size for type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e is obtained, and\u003cbr\u003e\n(1.2) - its initialization (if any) is complete (including vacuous initialization) ([dcl.init]),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt's arguble whether the wording permits implicit object creation - because the latter never performs initialization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAs I said, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ememcpy\u003c/code\u003e operation for a union class should be regulated with a special rule to clear the hazy here.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHere might be hazy, but I don't think that unions are special. IMO the wording of [basic.life] should be harmonized with [intro.object].\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"207c9b2f88de1d6cf641d1716d3e3a67be31731e475edfd6217dd9c184d9f4ee","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1016259211","createdAt":"2022-01-19T09:45:27Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-01-19T09:47:22Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","login":"frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc48kuKLziA-KZM"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnG6EtgAqjEwMTYyNTkyMTE="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1016541830,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48lzKG","body":"\u003e  But I don't think the set is needed to be determined at this point.\r\n\r\nIn my opinion, such an operation should scan the subsequent codes to one-off determine what the set is. It seems that you consider such a process is dynamic, looks like the determination of the set will be deferred and such set will be dynamically changed according to what the concrete subsequent execution needs(the set includes `*p` and `p-\u003ei` when executing `#4`, conversely, the set includes `*p` and `p-\u003ec` when executing `#5`).  \r\n\r\n\u003e but I don't think that unions are special\r\n\r\nunions are special. we don't need to be concerned about which member subobjects can be created and be begun its lifetime, as long as they are of implicitly-lifetime types and are needed by the program.  However, as nominated in above, we do concern about such issues when they are variant members.\r\n\r\n***\r\nIf your interpretation of \"set of implicitly creating objects\" is correct, I think `consume(p-\u003ec);` at `#5` is always UB since `p-\u003ec` always has an indeterminate value according to [basic.indet], even if the object is implicitly created and has its lifetime begun. Rather, `consume(p-\u003ei);` may be ok if `p-\u003ei` is alive, and according to [basic.types.general] p3, `p-\u003ei` holds the same value as `u1.i`.","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBut I don't think the set is needed to be determined at this point.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn my opinion, such an operation should scan the subsequent codes to one-off determine what the set is. It seems that you consider such a process is dynamic, looks like the determination of the set will be deferred and such set will be dynamically changed according to what the concrete subsequent execution needs(the set includes \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e*p\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e when executing \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#4\u003c/code\u003e, conversely, the set includes \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e*p\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e when executing \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#5\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ebut I don't think that unions are special\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eunions are special. we don't need to be concerned about which member subobjects can be created and be begun its lifetime, as long as they are of implicitly-lifetime types and are needed by the program.  However, as nominated in above, we do concern about such issues when they are variant members.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003chr\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf your interpretation of \"set of implicitly creating objects\" is correct, I think \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003econsume(p-\u0026gt;c);\u003c/code\u003e at \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#5\u003c/code\u003e is always UB since \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e always has an indeterminate value according to [basic.indet], even if the object is implicitly created and has its lifetime begun. Rather, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003econsume(p-\u0026gt;i);\u003c/code\u003e may be ok if \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e is alive, and according to [basic.types.general] p3, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e holds the same value as \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eu1.i\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"db5d2c00059c70c431e694edd9166f12cc49f1aeb12c08a6de3ea9cfe22c125b","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1016541830","createdAt":"2022-01-19T14:51:54Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-01-19T14:56:12Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc48lzKGziBAELI"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnLSoxAAqjEwMTY1NDE4MzA="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1017045861,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"frederick-vs-ja","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23228989?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48nuNl","body":"Oh... I should use `unsigned char` or `std::byte` instead. It seems that the some rules for indeterminate values are weird ([CWG1997](https://wg21.link/cwg1997)) but still well-defined.\r\n\r\n\u003e It seems that you consider such a process is dynamic, looks like the determination of the set will be deferred and such set will be dynamically changed according to what the concrete subsequent execution needs(the set includes `*p` and `p-\u003ei` when executing `#4`, conversely, the set includes `*p` and `p-\u003ec` when executing `#5`).\r\n\r\nI guess the such set doesn't need to be dynamically changed although it can't be statically determined. The set of \"possible sets of implicitly created object within a given storage by a given explicit operation\" may be considered dynamically shrinking. When all operations on the storage has been done, every element in \"that set of sets\" can be considered as \"the set of implicitly creating objects\" (which is unchanged during these operations), and no UB happens if the \"that set of sets\" hasn't become empty.","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOh... I should use \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eunsigned char\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003estd::byte\u003c/code\u003e instead. It seems that the some rules for indeterminate values are weird (\u003ca href=\"https://wg21.link/cwg1997\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCWG1997\u003c/a\u003e) but still well-defined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt seems that you consider such a process is dynamic, looks like the determination of the set will be deferred and such set will be dynamically changed according to what the concrete subsequent execution needs(the set includes \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e*p\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e when executing \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#4\u003c/code\u003e, conversely, the set includes \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e*p\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e when executing \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#5\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI guess the such set doesn't need to be dynamically changed although it can't be statically determined. The set of \"possible sets of implicitly created object within a given storage by a given explicit operation\" may be considered dynamically shrinking. When all operations on the storage has been done, every element in \"that set of sets\" can be considered as \"the set of implicitly creating objects\" (which is unchanged during these operations), and no UB happens if the \"that set of sets\" hasn't become empty.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"477b17fcf4707f749867c82f79de071e44b39b0ee5dc7b0abf5816b13ae349d6","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1017045861","createdAt":"2022-01-20T02:03:00Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-01-20T02:04:37Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","login":"frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc48nuNlziBEYRo"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnU5DCAAqjEwMTcwNDU4NjE="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1017170343,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48oMmn","body":"There is an example that can prove \r\n\u003e may be considered dynamically shrinking\r\n\r\nis not true\r\n\r\n````cpp\r\nif (std::rand() \u003c RAND_MAX / 2){\r\n       consume(p-\u003ei); // #4\r\n      goto label;\r\n}else{\r\n    label:\r\n     consume(p-\u003ec); // #5\r\n} \r\n````\r\nIn this example, once the condition is `true`, the set shall include both `p-\u003ei` and `p-\u003ec`. Conversely, if the condition is `false`, the set shall include `p-\u003ec`. Maybe, you could arguably say: if the first substatement was hit, the program is UB; otherwise, the program is well-defined.","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere is an example that can prove\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003emay be considered dynamically shrinking\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eis not true\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"if (std::rand() \u0026lt; RAND_MAX / 2){\n       consume(p-\u0026gt;i); // #4\n      goto label;\n}else{\n    label:\n     consume(p-\u0026gt;c); // #5\n} \"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e (std::rand() \u0026lt; RAND_MAX / \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e){\n       \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econsume\u003c/span\u003e(p-\u0026gt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #4\u003c/span\u003e\n      \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003egoto\u003c/span\u003e label;\n}\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e{\n    label:\n     \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econsume\u003c/span\u003e(p-\u0026gt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #5\u003c/span\u003e\n} \u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn this example, once the condition is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e, the set shall include both \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e. Conversely, if the condition is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003efalse\u003c/code\u003e, the set shall include \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e. Maybe, you could arguably say: if the first substatement was hit, the program is UB; otherwise, the program is well-defined.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"3237ce2e6d59b1a33a4423ef1790fe9355c49d23fe575785f083ece906ae6851","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1017170343","createdAt":"2022-01-20T06:51:12Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-01-20T06:57:31Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc48oMmnziBFbgI"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnZA5wAAqjEwMTcxNzAzNDM="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1017187311,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"frederick-vs-ja","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23228989?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48oQvv","body":"No. The dynamically shrinking set I meant is the set of possible sets of implicitly created objects, whose elements are sets of objects.\r\n\r\nGiven the example you showed\r\n\u003e ```C++\r\n\u003e if (std::rand() \u003c RAND_MAX / 2){\r\n\u003e        consume(p-\u003ei); // #4\r\n\u003e       goto label;\r\n\u003e }else{\r\n\u003e     label:\r\n\u003e      consume(p-\u003ec); // #5\r\n\u003e } \r\n\u003e ```\r\n\r\nIMO before the execution of the statement (the set at that point is called _I_ for exposition),\r\n- some elements (forming subset _X_ for exposition) of that set include `p-\u003ei`, and\r\n- some elements (forming subset _Y_ for exposition) of that set include `p-\u003ec`, and\r\n- other elements (forming subset _Z_ for exposition) include neither `p-\u003ei` and `p-\u003ec`.\r\n\r\nThen _X_, _Y_, and _Z_ are pairwise disjoint, and _I_ is the union set of _X_, _Y_, and _Z_. None of element of _I_ includes both `p-\u003ei` and `p-\u003ec`.\r\n\r\nIf the the condition is `true`, then the set of possible sets of implicitly created objects shrinks from _I_ to _X_ in `#4`, and then shrinks to empty in `#5`, which causes UB. Conversely, the set of possible sets of implicitly created objects shrinks from _I_ to _Y_ in `#5` and the program may have well-defined behavior.","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNo. The dynamically shrinking set I meant is the set of possible sets of implicitly created objects, whose elements are sets of objects.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGiven the example you showed\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"if (std::rand() \u0026lt; RAND_MAX / 2){\n       consume(p-\u0026gt;i); // #4\n      goto label;\n}else{\n    label:\n     consume(p-\u0026gt;c); // #5\n} \"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eif\u003c/span\u003e (std::rand() \u0026lt; RAND_MAX / \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e){\n       \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econsume\u003c/span\u003e(p-\u0026gt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ei\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #4\u003c/span\u003e\n      \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003egoto\u003c/span\u003e label;\n}\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eelse\u003c/span\u003e{\n    label:\n     \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003econsume\u003c/span\u003e(p-\u0026gt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003ec\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e #5\u003c/span\u003e\n} \u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIMO before the execution of the statement (the set at that point is called \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e for exposition),\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esome elements (forming subset \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e for exposition) of that set include \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e, and\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003esome elements (forming subset \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e for exposition) of that set include \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e, and\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eother elements (forming subset \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e for exposition) include neither \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThen \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e are pairwise disjoint, and \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e is the union set of \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eZ\u003c/em\u003e. None of element of \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e includes both \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf the the condition is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003etrue\u003c/code\u003e, then the set of possible sets of implicitly created objects shrinks from \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eX\u003c/em\u003e in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#4\u003c/code\u003e, and then shrinks to empty in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#5\u003c/code\u003e, which causes UB. Conversely, the set of possible sets of implicitly created objects shrinks from \u003cem\u003eI\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eY\u003c/em\u003e in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#5\u003c/code\u003e and the program may have well-defined behavior.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"eeb83d9cbfd031f803b78e3e141c264ef0099a85fffe7bdc3e192653082d0d1f","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1017187311","createdAt":"2022-01-20T07:22:32Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnZdlsAAqjEwMTcxODczMTE="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1017215947,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48oXvL","body":"Ah, after reading [intro.object] p10 more carefully. You're correct. I would prefer to consider `/` contains no `Z` rather than that  \"shrinks to empty in #5\", the latter is a bit obscure.  \r\n\r\nThe operation can implicitly create and start the lifetime for either `p-\u003ei` or `p-\u003ec` but not both, thus the operation can construct the sets:\r\n\u003e - X: `{ *p, p-\u003ei }`\r\n\u003e - Y: `{ *p, p-\u003ec }` \r\n\r\nsince the lifetimes of `p-\u003ei`  and `p-\u003ec` are mutually exclusive, thus the operation cannot construct the set `Z:{ *p, p-\u003ei, p-\u003ec}` in any way. Hence, `/` eventually is `{X, Y}`(namely, `{{*p, p-\u003ei}, {*p, p-\u003ec} }`). If the condition were true, it would require a set of objects that is `{*p, p-\u003ei, p-\u003ec}`, since we cannot find the set in `/`, hence that execution would be UB, as per:  \r\n\u003e If **no such set of objects** would give the program defined behavior, the behavior of the program is undefined. ","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAh, after reading [intro.object] p10 more carefully. You're correct. I would prefer to consider \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e/\u003c/code\u003e contains no \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eZ\u003c/code\u003e rather than that  \"shrinks to empty in \u003ca class=\"issue-link js-issue-link\" data-error-text=\"Failed to load title\" data-id=\"2903968\" data-permission-text=\"Title is private\" data-url=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5\" data-hovercard-type=\"pull_request\" data-hovercard-url=\"/cplusplus/draft/pull/5/hovercard\" href=\"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/pull/5\"\u003e#5\u003c/a\u003e\", the latter is a bit obscure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe operation can implicitly create and start the lifetime for either \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e or \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e but not both, thus the operation can construct the sets:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eX: \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e{ *p, p-\u0026gt;i }\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eY: \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e{ *p, p-\u0026gt;c }\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003esince the lifetimes of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;i\u003c/code\u003e  and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003ep-\u0026gt;c\u003c/code\u003e are mutually exclusive, thus the operation cannot construct the set \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eZ:{ *p, p-\u0026gt;i, p-\u0026gt;c}\u003c/code\u003e in any way. Hence, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e/\u003c/code\u003e eventually is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e{X, Y}\u003c/code\u003e(namely, \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e{{*p, p-\u0026gt;i}, {*p, p-\u0026gt;c} }\u003c/code\u003e). If the condition were true, it would require a set of objects that is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e{*p, p-\u0026gt;i, p-\u0026gt;c}\u003c/code\u003e, since we cannot find the set in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e/\u003c/code\u003e, hence that execution would be UB, as per:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf \u003cstrong\u003eno such set of objects\u003c/strong\u003e would give the program defined behavior, the behavior of the program is undefined.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e","bodyVersion":"ffe1f717da0517d0b94141672b73d335ad286823470bebb37c55a975e7f10f56","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1017215947","createdAt":"2022-01-20T08:10:21Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-01-20T08:12:23Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc48oXvLziBFvxk"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnaJXcgAqjEwMTcyMTU5NDc="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1018435403,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"languagelawyer","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/38548419?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/languagelawyer","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjM4NTQ4NDE5"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48tBdL","body":"\u003e It seems that the some rules for indeterminate values are weird ([CWG1997](https://wg21.link/cwg1997))\r\n\r\nEvery time I see this issue, I facepalm from its inconsistent/half-baked logic.\r\nIf «no new storage is being **obtained** for the `int` object created by the _new-expression_», then why care which **value** would be read through `*ip`, when this would be an access to an out-of-lifetime object? [[basic.life]/1](https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n3337/basic.life#1):\r\n\u003e The lifetime of an object of type `T` begins when:\r\n\u003e — storage with the proper alignment and size for type `T` is **obtained**\r\n\r\nNo (new) storage is obtained == no lifetime is started.\r\n\r\nI'd say this issue should be closed as NAD with a comment that «obtained ≠ allocated» (see https://stackoverflow.com/a/58356588).","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIt seems that the some rules for indeterminate values are weird (\u003ca href=\"https://wg21.link/cwg1997\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eCWG1997\u003c/a\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eEvery time I see this issue, I facepalm from its inconsistent/half-baked logic.\u003cbr\u003e\nIf «no new storage is being \u003cstrong\u003eobtained\u003c/strong\u003e for the \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eint\u003c/code\u003e object created by the \u003cem\u003enew-expression\u003c/em\u003e», then why care which \u003cstrong\u003evalue\u003c/strong\u003e would be read through \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e*ip\u003c/code\u003e, when this would be an access to an out-of-lifetime object? \u003ca href=\"https://timsong-cpp.github.io/cppwp/n3337/basic.life#1\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e[basic.life]/1\u003c/a\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe lifetime of an object of type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e begins when:\u003cbr\u003e\n— storage with the proper alignment and size for type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e is \u003cstrong\u003eobtained\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNo (new) storage is obtained == no lifetime is started.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eI'd say this issue should be closed as NAD with a comment that «obtained ≠ allocated» (see \u003ca href=\"https://stackoverflow.com/a/58356588\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://stackoverflow.com/a/58356588\u003c/a\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"2e64c977e1511f38ad36f33d90781b3caee6ae1edec098a561760fe424e57dfa","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5213#issuecomment-1018435403","createdAt":"2022-01-21T11:46:59Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":null,"lastUserContentEdit":null,"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABfnx2DzgAqjEwMTg0MzU0MDM="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1018474171,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5B-qwU","number":5213,"locked":false,"databaseId":1106947092},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"frederick-vs-ja","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/23228989?v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/frederick-vs-ja","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjIzMjI4OTg5"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc48tK67","body":"\u003eThe lifetime of an object of type `T` begins when:\r\n\u003e — storage with the proper alignment and size for type `T` is **obtained**\r\n\r\nSuch wording is unchanged since N3337. Is this really consistent with the rule for storage providing ([P0137R1](https://wg21.link/P0137R1)) or implicit object creation ([P0593R6](https://wg21.link/p0593R6))?","bodyHTML":"\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe lifetime of an object of type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e begins when:\u003cbr\u003e\n— storage with the proper alignment and size for type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e is \u003cstrong\u003eobtained\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eSuch wording is unchanged since N3337. Is this really consistent with the rule for storage providing (\u003ca href=\"https://wg21.link/P0137R1\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eP0137R1\u003c/a\u003e) or implicit object creation (\u003ca href=\"https://wg21.link/p0593R6\" 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2022</relative-time></a></div></div><div class="ActivityHeader-module__narrowViewportWrapper--k4ncm IssueBodyHeader-module__actionsWrapper--nZngh"><div class="ActivityHeader-module__edits--WkfqY IssueBodyHeader-module__editsSection--ptNnu"></div><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__badgesSection--izNBK"><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__badgeGroup--xiI1A"></div><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__actionsSection--CZDiB"><button data-component="IconButton" type="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI prc-Button-IconButton-szpyj" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-describedby=":R4ldklmb:-loading-announcement" aria-labelledby=":R3sldklmb:" id=":R4ldklmb:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg></button><span class="prc-TooltipV2-Tooltip-cYMVY" data-direction="s" aria-hidden="true" id=":R3sldklmb:">Issue body actions</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="IssueBodyViewer-module__IssueBody--Zg6Wy" id="issue-body-viewer" data-testid="issue-body-viewer"><div data-testid="markdown-body" data-team-hovercards-enabled="true" class="markdown-body" data-turbolinks="false"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 markdown-body NewMarkdownViewer-module__safe-html-box--dKCgP"><p dir="auto">Consider this example</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="union U{
   int i;
   char c;
};
U u1 = {.i = 1};  // #1
U u2 = {.c = 0};  // #2
std::memcpy(&amp;u2, &amp;u1, sizeof(U));  // #3"><pre class="notranslate"><span class="pl-k">union</span> U{
   <span class="pl-k">int</span> i;
   <span class="pl-k">char</span> c;
};
U u1 = {.<span class="pl-smi">i</span> = <span class="pl-c1">1</span>};  <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> #1</span>
U u2 = {.<span class="pl-smi">c</span> = <span class="pl-c1">0</span>};  <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> #2</span>
<span class="pl-en">std::memcpy</span>(&amp;u2, &amp;u1, <span class="pl-k">sizeof</span>(U));  <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> #3</span></pre></div>
<p dir="auto">At <code class="notranslate">#1</code>, the variant member <code class="notranslate">U::i</code> of the object <code class="notranslate">u1</code> is active,  while at <code class="notranslate">#2</code>, the variant member <code class="notranslate">U::c</code> of the object <code class="notranslate">u2</code> is active. Since [cstring.syn] p3 says</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">The functions memcpy and memmove are signal-safe. Both functions <strong>implicitly create objects ([intro.object]) in the destination region of storage</strong> immediately prior to copying the sequence of characters to the destination.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">Thus, before the copying starts, what can be sure is that an object of type <code class="notranslate">U</code> is implicitly created in the specified storage. In addition, the lifetime of either <code class="notranslate">U::i</code> or <code class="notranslate">U::c</code> can start due to the "implicitly create objects" but not both. Which is regulated by [class.union.general] p2</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">At most one of the non-static data members of an object of union type can be active at any time, that is, the value of at most one of the non-static data members can be stored in a union at any time.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">Since, immediately prior to copying, we cannot determine which variant member has begun its lifetime in the newly created union object that occupies the storage of <code class="notranslate">u2</code>. Also, after the copying, we also cannot determine which one is active. Is it <code class="notranslate">U::i</code> because the corresponding variant is active in the source? Or, Is it <code class="notranslate">U::c</code> since it's the one selected by the "implicitly creating objects" operation.</p></div></div><div class="IssueBodyViewer-module__IssueBodyTaskList--xb3uu"><!--$--><div role="toolbar" aria-label="Reactions" class="d-flex gap-1 flex-wrap"></div><!--/$--></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="issue-viewer-comments-container" class="react-comments-container"><div class="IssueViewer-module__commentsContainer--H8wxg"><!--$!--><template></template><div class="issue-timeline-loading-module__delaySkeletonLoad--OE2Lq" data-testid="issue-timeline-loading"><div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContainer--I9JkW"><div height="40px" width="40px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 kqdiwS gALJmv"></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContentWrapper--Qd0Vg"><div class="CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerContainer--fCCZA"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd 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height="40px" width="40px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 kqdiwS gALJmv"></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContentWrapper--Qd0Vg"><div class="CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerContainer--fCCZA"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerLeftLine--TwR8y"></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerRightLine--_guT1"></div></div><div data-testid="comment-skeleton" class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingCard--QQ_c8"><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingHeader--_JjPE"><div height="sm" width="150px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 jKxfJf gpOnMk"></div></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContent--QWS3r"><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU iWDiln"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU hFuQlZ"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU giHZOD"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU gXecGS"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU zyzbf"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContainer--I9JkW"><div height="40px" width="40px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 kqdiwS gALJmv"></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContentWrapper--Qd0Vg"><div class="CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerContainer--fCCZA"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerLeftLine--TwR8y"></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerRightLine--_guT1"></div></div><div data-testid="comment-skeleton" class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingCard--QQ_c8"><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingHeader--_JjPE"><div height="sm" width="150px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 jKxfJf gpOnMk"></div></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContent--QWS3r"><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU hFuQlZ"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU bifGfQ"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU zyzbf"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU dusaQG"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><!--/$--></div></div></div><div data-testid="issue-viewer-metadata-container" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 cLtwuV IssueViewer-module__metadataSidebar--QdJ2b"><div class="IssueViewer-module__issueViewerMetadataPane--i01ta" data-testid="issue-viewer-metadata-pane"><h2 class="IssueViewer-module__metadataHeader--OGi4i prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Metadata</h2><h2 class="IssueViewer-module__largeScreenMetadataHeader--xPLHt sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Metadata</h2><div data-testid="sticky-sidebar"><div class="IssueSidebar-module__sidebarContent--II51T"><div data-testid="sidebar-section" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bbGjsc Section-module__SectionContainer--bIlEv"><div class="Section-module__headerContentWrapper--OIm9m"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bwxuvd"><h3 class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bpDFns SectionHeader-module__SectionHeaderTitle--TxSJL prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Assignees</h3></div><span class="Section-module__emptyText--qZ0Bc">No one assigned</span><div class="Section-module__hiddenChildrenContainer--X126P"><ul class="prc-ActionList-ActionList-X4RiC Assignees-module__assigneesList--JFnuE" data-dividers="false" data-variant="full"></ul></div></div></div><div data-testid="sidebar-section" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bbGjsc Section-module__SectionContainer--bIlEv"><div class="Section-module__headerContentWrapper--OIm9m"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bwxuvd"><h3 class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bpDFns SectionHeader-module__SectionHeaderTitle--TxSJL prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Labels</h3></div><span class="Section-module__emptyText--qZ0Bc">No labels</span><div class="Section-module__hiddenChildrenContainer--X126P"><div tabindex="-1" data-testid="issue-labels" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LabelsList-module__labelsListContainer--bS7BO">No labels</div></div></div></div><div data-testid="sidebar-section" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bbGjsc Section-module__SectionContainer--bIlEv"><div class="Section-module__headerContentWrapper--OIm9m"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bwxuvd"><h3 class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bpDFns SectionHeader-module__SectionHeaderTitle--TxSJL prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Type</h3></div><span class="Section-module__emptyText--qZ0Bc">No type</span><div class="Section-module__hiddenChildrenContainer--X126P"><div class="TypesSection-module__typeContainer--YI5mY"><div class="IssueType-module__hiddenPlaceholder--nnfV9"></div></div></div></div></div><!--$--><div data-testid="sidebar-projects-section" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bbGjsc Section-module__SectionContainer--bIlEv"><div class="Section-module__headerContentWrapper--OIm9m"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bwxuvd"><h3 class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bpDFns SectionHeader-module__SectionHeaderTitle--TxSJL prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Projects</h3></div><span class="Section-module__emptyText--qZ0Bc">No projects</span><div class="Section-module__hiddenChildrenContainer--X126P"><div class="ProjectsSection-module__projectItemsContainer--XwAWz"></div></div></div></div><!--/$--><div data-testid="sidebar-section" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bbGjsc Section-module__SectionContainer--bIlEv"><div class="Section-module__headerContentWrapper--OIm9m"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bwxuvd"><h3 class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bpDFns SectionHeader-module__SectionHeaderTitle--TxSJL prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Milestone</h3></div><span class="Section-module__emptyText--qZ0Bc">No milestone</span><div class="Section-module__hiddenChildrenContainer--X126P"><ul class="prc-ActionList-ActionList-X4RiC" data-dividers="false" data-variant="full"><div class="Milestone-module__hiddenPlaceholder--b_yit"></div></ul></div></div></div><!--$--><div data-testid="sidebar-section" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bbGjsc Section-module__SectionContainer--bIlEv"><div class="Section-module__headerContentWrapper--OIm9m"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bwxuvd"><h3 class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bpDFns SectionHeader-module__SectionHeaderTitle--TxSJL prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Relationships</h3></div><span class="Section-module__emptyText--qZ0Bc">None yet</span><div class="Section-module__hiddenChildrenContainer--X126P"></div></div></div><div data-testid="sidebar-section" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bbGjsc Section-module__SectionContainer--bIlEv"><div class="Section-module__headerContentWrapper--OIm9m"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bwxuvd"><h3 class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 bpDFns SectionHeader-module__SectionHeaderTitle--TxSJL prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Development</h3></div><span class="Section-module__emptyText--qZ0Bc">No branches or pull requests</span><div class="Section-module__hiddenChildrenContainer--X126P"></div></div></div><!--/$--><h2 class="sr-only prc-Heading-Heading-6CmGO">Issue actions</h2><ul class="prc-ActionList-ActionList-X4RiC OptionsSection-module__ActionListOverrides--DkWge" data-dividers="false" data-variant="full"></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><!--/$--></div><!--/$--></div></div><!--/$--><!--/$--><script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div>
</react-app>
</turbo-frame>




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  </div>

          <footer class="footer pt-8 pb-6 f6 color-fg-muted p-responsive" role="contentinfo" >
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    <button
      type="button"
      class="Link--secondary underline-on-hover border-0 p-0 color-bg-transparent"
      data-action="click:cookie-consent-link#showConsentManagement"
      data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;footer&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;cookies&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;subfooter&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;cookies_link_subfooter_footer&quot;}"
    >
       Manage cookies
    </button>
  </cookie-consent-link>
</li>

<li class="mx-2">
  <cookie-consent-link>
    <button
      type="button"
      class="Link--secondary underline-on-hover border-0 p-0 color-bg-transparent text-left"
      data-action="click:cookie-consent-link#showConsentManagement"
      data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;footer&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;dont_share_info&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;subfooter&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;dont_share_info_link_subfooter_footer&quot;}"
    >
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    <ghcc-consent id="ghcc" class="position-fixed bottom-0 left-0" style="z-index: 999999"
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  <div id="ajax-error-message" class="ajax-error-message flash flash-error" hidden>
    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert">
    <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
</svg>
    <button type="button" class="flash-close js-ajax-error-dismiss" aria-label="Dismiss error">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
    </button>
    You can’t perform that action at this time.
  </div>

    <template id="site-details-dialog">
  <details class="details-reset details-overlay details-overlay-dark lh-default color-fg-default hx_rsm" open>
    <summary role="button" aria-label="Close dialog"></summary>
    <details-dialog class="Box Box--overlay d-flex flex-column anim-fade-in fast hx_rsm-dialog hx_rsm-modal">
      <button class="Box-btn-octicon m-0 btn-octicon position-absolute right-0 top-0" type="button" aria-label="Close dialog" data-close-dialog>
        <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>
      <div class="octocat-spinner my-6 js-details-dialog-spinner"></div>
    </details-dialog>
  </details>
</template>

    <div class="Popover js-hovercard-content position-absolute" style="display: none; outline: none;">
  <div class="Popover-message Popover-message--bottom-left Popover-message--large Box color-shadow-large" style="width:360px;">
  </div>
</div>

    <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button">
  <div class="zeroclipboard-container position-absolute right-0 top-0">
    <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2">
    <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2">
    <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
    </clipboard-copy>
  </div>
</template>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned">
  <div class="zeroclipboard-container">
    <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon">
    <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none">
    <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
    </clipboard-copy>
  </div>
</template>




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    <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div>
    <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div>
  </body>
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