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  <title>[temp.deduct.partial] The unclear points in partial ordering for function/class templates · Issue #5454 · cplusplus/draft · GitHub</title>



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      <meta name="description" content="[temp.deduct.partial] p8 says Using the resulting types P and A, the deduction is then done as described in [temp.deduct.type]. [temp.deduct.type] p1 says an attempt is made to find template argument values (a type for a type parameter, ...">

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    <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DiscussionForumPosting","headline":"[temp.deduct.partial] The unclear points in partial ordering for function/class templates","articleBody":"[temp.deduct.partial] p8 says\r\n\u003e Using the resulting types P and A, the deduction is then done as described in [temp.deduct.type]. \r\n\r\n[temp.deduct.type] p1 says\r\n\u003e an attempt is made to find template argument values (a type for a type parameter, a value for a non-type parameter, or a template for a template parameter) that will make P, **after substitution** of the deduced values (call it the deduced A), compatible with A.  \r\n\r\n[temp.func.order] p3 says\r\n\u003e To produce the transformed template, for each type, non-type, or template template parameter (including template parameter packs thereof) synthesize a **unique** type, value, or class template respectively and substitute it for each occurrence of that parameter in the function type of the template.\r\n\r\n\r\nConsider this example:\r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT,T\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e){\r\n     std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\n````\r\nTake `#1` as the argument template and `#2` as the parameter template. Assume the unique type for `T` in `#1` is `TUnique1`, hence `A` is `A\u003cTUnique1, TUnique1\u003e`, which compares with `P` that is `A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e`, the first `T` in `P` is deduced to  `TUnique1`, according to [temp.deduct.type] p4, the second `T` in `P` uses the value deduced for the first `T`. Back to [temp.deduct.type] p1, the result of the substitution is `A\u003cTUnique1, TUnique1\u003e` because `std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e` is `T` for any type `T`. The deduction of `P` from `A` success. Again,take `#1` as the parameter template and `#2` as the argument template, with the similar reason, the deduction of `P` from `A` success. We expect the call would be ambiguous, however, most implementations chose `#1`.  \r\n\r\nConsider a contrast example:\r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nstruct Wrapper{\r\n    using type = T;\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, typename Wrapper\u003cT\u003e::type\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e){\r\n     std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\n````\r\nFor any type `T`, the result of the substitution of `typename Wrapper\u003cT\u003e::type` is `T`. The call is ambiguous for a similar reason as above, at this time, implementations agree the call is ambiguous. More vague in partial ordering can be found here   \r\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/31394260/template-partial-ordering-why-does-partial-deduction-succeed-here\r\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/42416993/class-template-specialization-partial-ordering-and-function-synthesis\r\n\r\nThe subject of the second question can be simplified as \r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\n// template\u003cclass T\u003e\r\n// struct A\u003cT,T\u003e{};\r\n\r\n// template\u003cclass T\u003e\r\n// struct A\u003cT, decltype(T{})\u003e{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT,T\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, decltype(T{})\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\nint main(){\r\n   // A\u003cint,int\u003e c;  \r\n   fun(A\u003cint,int\u003e{});\r\n}\r\n````\r\nThe call prints `#1` but `A\u003cint,int\u003e` is ambiguous. However, the partial ordering of the class partial specializations should be equivalent to partial ordering of the function templates.\r\n\r\n","author":{"url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","@type":"Person","name":"xmh0511"},"datePublished":"2022-05-06T12:38:52.000Z","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":1},"url":"https://github.com/5454/draft/issues/5454"}</script> 
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    <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path>
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                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_skills&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_skills_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://skills.github.com">
      GitHub Skills

    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle">
    <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;blog&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;blog_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.blog">
      Blog

    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle">
    <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="platform-integrations-heading">Integrations</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="platform-integrations-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_marketplace&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_marketplace_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/marketplace">
      GitHub Marketplace

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;mcp_registry_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/mcp">
      MCP Registry

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

          <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold">
            <a data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_features&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;platform&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_features_link_platform_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features">
              View all features
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon">
    <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</a>          </div>
      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Solutions
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
    <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 dropdown-menu-wide">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-company-size-heading">By company size</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-company-size-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprises&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprises_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/enterprise">
      Enterprises

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/team">
      Small and medium teams

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;startups&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;startups_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/enterprise/startups">
      Startups

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;nonprofits&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;nonprofits_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/nonprofits">
      Nonprofits

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-use-case-heading">By use case</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-use-case-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;app_modernization&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;app_modernization_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/app-modernization">
      App Modernization

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devsecops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devsecops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/devsecops">
      DevSecOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/devops">
      DevOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci_cd&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci_cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/ci-cd">
      CI/CD

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case">
      View all use cases

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-industry-heading">By industry</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-industry-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/healthcare">
      Healthcare

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/financial-services">
      Financial services

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/manufacturing">
      Manufacturing

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/government">
      Government

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry">
      View all industries

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

          <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold">
            <a data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_solutions_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions">
              View all solutions
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon">
    <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</a>          </div>
      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Resources
        <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1">
    <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
      </button>

      <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 dropdown-menu-wide">
        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-right">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 pb-3">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-topics-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ai_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/ai">
      AI

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/devops">
      DevOps

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;security_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/security">
      Security

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;software_development&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;software_development_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/software-development">
      Software Development

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles">
      View all

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-explore-heading">Explore</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-explore-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;learning_pathways&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;learning_pathways_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://resources.github.com/learn/pathways">
      Learning Pathways

    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle">
    <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path>
</svg>
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;events_amp_webinars&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;events_amp_webinars_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/resources/events">
      Events &amp; Webinars

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ebooks_amp_whitepapers&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ebooks_amp_whitepapers_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/resources/whitepapers">
      Ebooks &amp; Whitepapers

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;customer_stories&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;customer_stories_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/customer-stories">
      Customer Stories

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;partners&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;partners_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/partners">
      Partners

    
</a></li>

                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;executive_insights&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;executive_insights_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights">
      Executive Insights

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>

      </div>
</li>


                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Open Source
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        <div class="d-lg-flex dropdown-menu-wide">
            <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4">
                <div class="border-bottom mb-3 mb-lg-3 pb-3">

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          GitHub Sponsors

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        Fund open source developers
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                <div class="border-bottom mb-3 mb-lg-3 pb-3">

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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;the_readme_project&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;the_readme_project_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/readme">
      
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          The ReadME Project

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                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span>

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      Topics

    
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      Trending

    
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      Collections

    
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                <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item">
      <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false">
        Enterprise
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                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" >
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  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="/enterprise">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-stack color-fg-subtle mr-3">
    <path d="M11.063 1.456a1.749 1.749 0 0 1 1.874 0l8.383 5.316a1.751 1.751 0 0 1 0 2.956l-8.383 5.316a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0L2.68 9.728a1.751 1.751 0 0 1 0-2.956Zm1.071 1.267a.25.25 0 0 0-.268 0L3.483 8.039a.25.25 0 0 0 0 .422l8.383 5.316a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.383-5.316a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.422Z"></path><path d="M1.867 12.324a.75.75 0 0 1 1.035-.232l8.964 5.685a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.964-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1 .804 1.267l-8.965 5.685a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0l-8.965-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1-.231-1.035Z"></path><path d="M1.867 16.324a.75.75 0 0 1 1.035-.232l8.964 5.685a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.964-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1 .804 1.267l-8.965 5.685a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0l-8.965-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1-.231-1.035Z"></path>
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      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          Enterprise platform

        </div>

        AI-powered developer platform
      </div>

    
</a></li>

                  </ul>
                </div>
                <div class="border-bottom border-bottom-0">

                      <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="enterprise-available-add-ons-heading">Available add-ons</span>

                  <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="enterprise-available-add-ons-heading">
                      <li>
  <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description mb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_advanced_security_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/security/advanced-security">
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</svg>
      <div>
        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
          GitHub Advanced Security

        </div>

        Enterprise-grade security features
      </div>

    
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      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3">
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        <div class="color-fg-default h4">
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        Enterprise-grade AI features
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</a></li>

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        Enterprise-grade 24/7 support
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      <template id="search-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-search">
    <path d="M10.68 11.74a6 6 0 0 1-7.922-8.982 6 6 0 0 1 8.982 7.922l3.04 3.04a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215ZM11.5 7a4.499 4.499 0 1 0-8.997 0A4.499 4.499 0 0 0 11.5 7Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="code-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code">
    <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="file-code-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-file-code">
    <path d="M4 1.75C4 .784 4.784 0 5.75 0h5.586c.464 0 .909.184 1.237.513l2.914 2.914c.329.328.513.773.513 1.237v8.586A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 15h-9a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h9a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V6h-2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 10 4.25V1.5H5.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0Zm1.72 4.97a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734l1.47-1.47-1.47-1.47a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06ZM3.28 7.78 1.81 9.25l1.47 1.47a.751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Zm8.22-6.218V4.25c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.688l-.011-.013-2.914-2.914-.013-.011Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="history-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-history">
    <path d="m.427 1.927 1.215 1.215a8.002 8.002 0 1 1-1.6 5.685.75.75 0 1 1 1.493-.154 6.5 6.5 0 1 0 1.18-4.458l1.358 1.358A.25.25 0 0 1 3.896 6H.25A.25.25 0 0 1 0 5.75V2.104a.25.25 0 0 1 .427-.177ZM7.75 4a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.992l2.028.812a.75.75 0 0 1-.557 1.392l-2.5-1A.751.751 0 0 1 7 8.25v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="repo-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo">
    <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="bookmark-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bookmark">
    <path d="M3 2.75C3 1.784 3.784 1 4.75 1h6.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v11.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.227.579L8 11.722l-3.773 3.107A.751.751 0 0 1 3 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v9.91l3.023-2.489a.75.75 0 0 1 .954 0l3.023 2.49V2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="plus-circle-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-plus-circle">
    <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm7.25-3.25v2.5h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-2.5v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h2.5v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="circle-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-dot-fill">
    <path d="M8 4a4 4 0 1 1 0 8 4 4 0 0 1 0-8Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="trash-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-trash">
    <path d="M11 1.75V3h2.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5H2.75a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5H5V1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h2.5C10.216 0 11 .784 11 1.75ZM4.496 6.675l.66 6.6a.25.25 0 0 0 .249.225h5.19a.25.25 0 0 0 .249-.225l.66-6.6a.75.75 0 0 1 1.492.149l-.66 6.6A1.748 1.748 0 0 1 10.595 15h-5.19a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.741-1.575l-.66-6.6a.75.75 0 1 1 1.492-.15ZM6.5 1.75V3h3V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-2.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="team-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-people">
    <path d="M2 5.5a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 5.898 2.549 5.508 5.508 0 0 1 3.034 4.084.75.75 0 1 1-1.482.235 4 4 0 0 0-7.9 0 .75.75 0 0 1-1.482-.236A5.507 5.507 0 0 1 3.102 8.05 3.493 3.493 0 0 1 2 5.5ZM11 4a3.001 3.001 0 0 1 2.22 5.018 5.01 5.01 0 0 1 2.56 3.012.749.749 0 0 1-.885.954.752.752 0 0 1-.549-.514 3.507 3.507 0 0 0-2.522-2.372.75.75 0 0 1-.574-.73v-.352a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-.672A1.5 1.5 0 0 0 11 5.5.75.75 0 0 1 11 4Zm-5.5-.5a2 2 0 1 0-.001 3.999A2 2 0 0 0 5.5 3.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="project-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-project">
    <path d="M1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0ZM1.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM11.75 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v7.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-7.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm-8.25.75a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0ZM8 3a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-3.5A.75.75 0 0 1 8 3Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="pencil-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-pencil">
    <path d="M11.013 1.427a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2.474 0l1.086 1.086a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-8.61 8.61c-.21.21-.47.364-.756.445l-3.251.93a.75.75 0 0 1-.927-.928l.929-3.25c.081-.286.235-.547.445-.758l8.61-8.61Zm.176 4.823L9.75 4.81l-6.286 6.287a.253.253 0 0 0-.064.108l-.558 1.953 1.953-.558a.253.253 0 0 0 .108-.064Zm1.238-3.763a.25.25 0 0 0-.354 0L10.811 3.75l1.439 1.44 1.263-1.263a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="copilot-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot">
    <path d="M7.998 15.035c-4.562 0-7.873-2.914-7.998-3.749V9.338c.085-.628.677-1.686 1.588-2.065.013-.07.024-.143.036-.218.029-.183.06-.384.126-.612-.201-.508-.254-1.084-.254-1.656 0-.87.128-1.769.693-2.484.579-.733 1.494-1.124 2.724-1.261 1.206-.134 2.262.034 2.944.765.05.053.096.108.139.165.044-.057.094-.112.143-.165.682-.731 1.738-.899 2.944-.765 1.23.137 2.145.528 2.724 1.261.566.715.693 1.614.693 2.484 0 .572-.053 1.148-.254 1.656.066.228.098.429.126.612.012.076.024.148.037.218.924.385 1.522 1.471 1.591 2.095v1.872c0 .766-3.351 3.795-8.002 3.795Zm0-1.485c2.28 0 4.584-1.11 5.002-1.433V7.862l-.023-.116c-.49.21-1.075.291-1.727.291-1.146 0-2.059-.327-2.71-.991A3.222 3.222 0 0 1 8 6.303a3.24 3.24 0 0 1-.544.743c-.65.664-1.563.991-2.71.991-.652 0-1.236-.081-1.727-.291l-.023.116v4.255c.419.323 2.722 1.433 5.002 1.433ZM6.762 2.83c-.193-.206-.637-.413-1.682-.297-1.019.113-1.479.404-1.713.7-.247.312-.369.789-.369 1.554 0 .793.129 1.171.308 1.371.162.181.519.379 1.442.379.853 0 1.339-.235 1.638-.54.315-.322.527-.827.617-1.553.117-.935-.037-1.395-.241-1.614Zm4.155-.297c-1.044-.116-1.488.091-1.681.297-.204.219-.359.679-.242 1.614.091.726.303 1.231.618 1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Z"></path><path d="M6.25 9.037a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75Zm4.25.75v1.501a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0V9.787a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="copilot-error-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot-error">
    <path d="M16 11.24c0 .112-.072.274-.21.467L13 9.688V7.862l-.023-.116c-.49.21-1.075.291-1.727.291-.198 0-.388-.009-.571-.029L6.833 5.226a4.01 4.01 0 0 0 .17-.782c.117-.935-.037-1.395-.241-1.614-.193-.206-.637-.413-1.682-.297-.683.076-1.115.231-1.395.415l-1.257-.91c.579-.564 1.413-.877 2.485-.996 1.206-.134 2.262.034 2.944.765.05.053.096.108.139.165.044-.057.094-.112.143-.165.682-.731 1.738-.899 2.944-.765 1.23.137 2.145.528 2.724 1.261.566.715.693 1.614.693 2.484 0 .572-.053 1.148-.254 1.656.066.228.098.429.126.612.012.076.024.148.037.218.924.385 1.522 1.471 1.591 2.095Zm-5.083-8.707c-1.044-.116-1.488.091-1.681.297-.204.219-.359.679-.242 1.614.091.726.303 1.231.618 1.553.299.305.784.54 1.638.54.922 0 1.28-.198 1.442-.379.179-.2.308-.578.308-1.371 0-.765-.123-1.242-.37-1.554-.233-.296-.693-.587-1.713-.7Zm2.511 11.074c-1.393.776-3.272 1.428-5.43 1.428-4.562 0-7.873-2.914-7.998-3.749V9.338c.085-.628.677-1.686 1.588-2.065.013-.07.024-.143.036-.218.029-.183.06-.384.126-.612-.18-.455-.241-.963-.252-1.475L.31 4.107A.747.747 0 0 1 0 3.509V3.49a.748.748 0 0 1 .625-.73c.156-.026.306.047.435.139l14.667 10.578a.592.592 0 0 1 .227.264.752.752 0 0 1 .046.249v.022a.75.75 0 0 1-1.19.596Zm-1.367-.991L5.635 7.964a5.128 5.128 0 0 1-.889.073c-.652 0-1.236-.081-1.727-.291l-.023.116v4.255c.419.323 2.722 1.433 5.002 1.433 1.539 0 3.089-.505 4.063-.934Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="workflow-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow">
    <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h3.5C6.216 0 7 .784 7 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5.25 7H4v4a1 1 0 0 0 1 1h4v-1.25C9 9.784 9.784 9 10.75 9h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16h-3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 14.25v-.75H5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 2.5 11V7h-.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 5.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm9 9a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="book-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-book">
    <path d="M0 1.75A.75.75 0 0 1 .75 1h4.253c1.227 0 2.317.59 3 1.501A3.743 3.743 0 0 1 11.006 1h4.245a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v10.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-4.507a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-1.591.659l-.622.621a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-.622-.621A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.258 13H.75a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm7.251 10.324.004-5.073-.002-2.253A2.25 2.25 0 0 0 5.003 2.5H1.5v9h3.757a3.75 3.75 0 0 1 1.994.574ZM8.755 4.75l-.004 7.322a3.752 3.752 0 0 1 1.992-.572H14.5v-9h-3.495a2.25 2.25 0 0 0-2.25 2.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="code-review-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review">
    <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 13H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 14.543V13H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 11.25v-8.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Zm5.28 1.72a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06L5.31 7l1.47 1.47a.751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Zm2.44 0a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L10.69 7 9.22 5.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="codespaces-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces">
    <path d="M0 11.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v3A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm2-9.5C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0h8.5C13.216 0 14 .784 14 1.75v5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 6.75Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v3c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M7 12.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="comment-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment">
    <path d="M1 2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h10.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 12H9.06l-2.573 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 4 13.543V12H2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1 10.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h4.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="comment-discussion-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion">
    <path d="M1.75 1h8.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 10.25 10H7.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 2 11.543V10h-.25A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 8.25v-5.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v5.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h1a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h3.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-5.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Zm13 2a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v5.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 12H14v1.543a1.458 1.458 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L9.22 12.28a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l2.22 2.22v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h1a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="organization-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-organization">
    <path d="M1.75 16A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25V1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h8.5C11.216 0 12 .784 12 1.75v12.5c0 .085-.006.168-.018.25h2.268a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V8.285a.25.25 0 0 0-.111-.208l-1.055-.703a.749.749 0 1 1 .832-1.248l1.055.703c.487.325.779.871.779 1.456v5.965A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16h-3.5a.766.766 0 0 1-.197-.026c-.099.017-.2.026-.303.026h-3a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75V14h-1v1.25a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75Zm-.25-1.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25H4v-1.25a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v1.25h2.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM3.75 6h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM3 3.75A.75.75 0 0 1 3.75 3h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 3 3.75Zm4 3A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 6h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7 6.75ZM7.75 3h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM3 9.75A.75.75 0 0 1 3.75 9h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 3 9.75ZM7.75 9h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="rocket-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-rocket">
    <path d="M14.064 0h.186C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v.186a8.752 8.752 0 0 1-2.564 6.186l-.458.459c-.314.314-.641.616-.979.904v3.207c0 .608-.315 1.172-.833 1.49l-2.774 1.707a.749.749 0 0 1-1.11-.418l-.954-3.102a1.214 1.214 0 0 1-.145-.125L3.754 9.816a1.218 1.218 0 0 1-.124-.145L.528 8.717a.749.749 0 0 1-.418-1.11l1.71-2.774A1.748 1.748 0 0 1 3.31 4h3.204c.288-.338.59-.665.904-.979l.459-.458A8.749 8.749 0 0 1 14.064 0ZM8.938 3.623h-.002l-.458.458c-.76.76-1.437 1.598-2.02 2.5l-1.5 2.317 2.143 2.143 2.317-1.5c.902-.583 1.74-1.26 2.499-2.02l.459-.458a7.25 7.25 0 0 0 2.123-5.127V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-.186a7.249 7.249 0 0 0-5.125 2.123ZM3.56 14.56c-.732.732-2.334 1.045-3.005 1.148a.234.234 0 0 1-.201-.064.234.234 0 0 1-.064-.201c.103-.671.416-2.273 1.15-3.003a1.502 1.502 0 1 1 2.12 2.12Zm6.94-3.935c-.088.06-.177.118-.266.175l-2.35 1.521.548 1.783 1.949-1.2a.25.25 0 0 0 .119-.213ZM3.678 8.116 5.2 5.766c.058-.09.117-.178.176-.266H3.309a.25.25 0 0 0-.213.119l-1.2 1.95ZM12 5a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="shield-check-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check">
    <path d="m8.533.133 5.25 1.68A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 15 3.48V7c0 1.566-.32 3.182-1.303 4.682-.983 1.498-2.585 2.813-5.032 3.855a1.697 1.697 0 0 1-1.33 0c-2.447-1.042-4.049-2.357-5.032-3.855C1.32 10.182 1 8.566 1 7V3.48a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.217-1.667l5.25-1.68a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.066 0Zm-.61 1.429.001.001-5.25 1.68a.251.251 0 0 0-.174.237V7c0 1.36.275 2.666 1.057 3.859.784 1.194 2.121 2.342 4.366 3.298a.196.196 0 0 0 .154 0c2.245-.957 3.582-2.103 4.366-3.297C13.225 9.666 13.5 8.358 13.5 7V3.48a.25.25 0 0 0-.174-.238l-5.25-1.68a.25.25 0 0 0-.153 0ZM11.28 6.28l-3.5 3.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0l-1.5-1.5a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215l.97.97 2.97-2.97a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="heart-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-heart">
    <path d="m8 14.25.345.666a.75.75 0 0 1-.69 0l-.008-.004-.018-.01a7.152 7.152 0 0 1-.31-.17 22.055 22.055 0 0 1-3.434-2.414C2.045 10.731 0 8.35 0 5.5 0 2.836 2.086 1 4.25 1 5.797 1 7.153 1.802 8 3.02 8.847 1.802 10.203 1 11.75 1 13.914 1 16 2.836 16 5.5c0 2.85-2.045 5.231-3.885 6.818a22.066 22.066 0 0 1-3.744 2.584l-.018.01-.006.003h-.002ZM4.25 2.5c-1.336 0-2.75 1.164-2.75 3 0 2.15 1.58 4.144 3.365 5.682A20.58 20.58 0 0 0 8 13.393a20.58 20.58 0 0 0 3.135-2.211C12.92 9.644 14.5 7.65 14.5 5.5c0-1.836-1.414-3-2.75-3-1.373 0-2.609.986-3.029 2.456a.749.749 0 0 1-1.442 0C6.859 3.486 5.623 2.5 4.25 2.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="server-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-server">
    <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4c0 .372-.116.717-.314 1 .198.283.314.628.314 1v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.75v-4c0-.358.109-.707.314-1a1.739 1.739 0 0 1-.314-1v-4C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Zm.25 5.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25ZM7 4.75A.75.75 0 0 1 7.75 4h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5A.75.75 0 0 1 7 4.75ZM7.75 10h4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-4.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM3 4.75A.75.75 0 0 1 3.75 4h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5A.75.75 0 0 1 3 4.75ZM3.75 10h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="globe-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-globe">
    <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM5.78 8.75a9.64 9.64 0 0 0 1.363 4.177c.255.426.542.832.857 1.215.245-.296.551-.705.857-1.215A9.64 9.64 0 0 0 10.22 8.75Zm4.44-1.5a9.64 9.64 0 0 0-1.363-4.177c-.307-.51-.612-.919-.857-1.215a9.927 9.927 0 0 0-.857 1.215A9.64 9.64 0 0 0 5.78 7.25Zm-5.944 1.5H1.543a6.507 6.507 0 0 0 4.666 5.5c-.123-.181-.24-.365-.352-.552-.715-1.192-1.437-2.874-1.581-4.948Zm-2.733-1.5h2.733c.144-2.074.866-3.756 1.58-4.948.12-.197.237-.381.353-.552a6.507 6.507 0 0 0-4.666 5.5Zm10.181 1.5c-.144 2.074-.866 3.756-1.58 4.948-.12.197-.237.381-.353.552a6.507 6.507 0 0 0 4.666-5.5Zm2.733-1.5a6.507 6.507 0 0 0-4.666-5.5c.123.181.24.365.353.552.714 1.192 1.436 2.874 1.58 4.948Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="issue-opened-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened">
    <path d="M8 9.5a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path><path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="device-mobile-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-device-mobile">
    <path d="M3.75 0h8.5C13.216 0 14 .784 14 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 16h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 14.25V1.75C2 .784 2.784 0 3.75 0ZM3.5 1.75v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-8.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM8 13a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="package-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-package">
    <path d="m8.878.392 5.25 3.045c.54.314.872.89.872 1.514v6.098a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-.872 1.514l-5.25 3.045a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.756 0l-5.25-3.045A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1 11.049V4.951c0-.624.332-1.201.872-1.514L7.122.392a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1.756 0ZM7.875 1.69l-4.63 2.685L8 7.133l4.755-2.758-4.63-2.685a.248.248 0 0 0-.25 0ZM2.5 5.677v5.372c0 .09.047.171.125.216l4.625 2.683V8.432Zm6.25 8.271 4.625-2.683a.25.25 0 0 0 .125-.216V5.677L8.75 8.432Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="credit-card-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-credit-card">
    <path d="M10.75 9a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5h-1.5Z"></path><path d="M0 3.75C0 2.784.784 2 1.75 2h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25ZM14.5 6.5h-13v5.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25Zm0-2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25V5h13Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="play-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-play">
    <path d="M8 0a8 8 0 1 1 0 16A8 8 0 0 1 8 0ZM1.5 8a6.5 6.5 0 1 0 13 0 6.5 6.5 0 0 0-13 0Zm4.879-2.773 4.264 2.559a.25.25 0 0 1 0 .428l-4.264 2.559A.25.25 0 0 1 6 10.559V5.442a.25.25 0 0 1 .379-.215Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="gift-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-gift">
    <path d="M2 2.75A2.75 2.75 0 0 1 4.75 0c.983 0 1.873.42 2.57 1.232.268.318.497.668.68 1.042.183-.375.411-.725.68-1.044C9.376.42 10.266 0 11.25 0a2.75 2.75 0 0 1 2.45 4h.55c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v2c0 .698-.409 1.301-1 1.582v4.918A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 13.25 16H2.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 1 14.25V9.332C.409 9.05 0 8.448 0 7.75v-2C0 4.784.784 4 1.75 4h.55c-.192-.375-.3-.8-.3-1.25ZM7.25 9.5H2.5v4.75c0 .138.112.25.25.25h4.5Zm1.5 0v5h4.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V9.5Zm0-4V8h5.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-2a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-7 0a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v2c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5V5.5h-5.5Zm3-4a1.25 1.25 0 0 0 0 2.5h2.309c-.233-.818-.542-1.401-.878-1.793-.43-.502-.915-.707-1.431-.707ZM8.941 4h2.309a1.25 1.25 0 0 0 0-2.5c-.516 0-1 .205-1.43.707-.337.392-.646.975-.879 1.793Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="code-square-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-square">
    <path d="M0 1.75C0 .784.784 0 1.75 0h12.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v12.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 16H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm7.47 3.97a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l2 2a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-2 2a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L10.69 8 9.22 6.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06ZM6.78 6.53 5.31 8l1.47 1.47a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215l-2-2a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06l2-2a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

<template id="device-desktop-icon">
  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-device-desktop">
    <path d="M14.25 1c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 12h-3.727c.099 1.041.52 1.872 1.292 2.757A.752.752 0 0 1 11.25 16h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.565-1.243c.772-.885 1.192-1.716 1.292-2.757H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 10.25v-7.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.75 2.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h12.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25ZM9.018 12H6.982a5.72 5.72 0 0 1-.765 2.5h3.566a5.72 5.72 0 0 1-.765-2.5Z"></path>
</svg>
</template>

        <div class="position-relative">
                <ul
                  role="listbox"
                  class="ActionListWrap QueryBuilder-ListWrap"
                  aria-label="Suggestions"
                  data-action="
                    combobox-commit:query-builder#comboboxCommit
                    mousedown:query-builder#resultsMousedown
                  "
                  data-target="query-builder.resultsList"
                  data-persist-list=false
                  id="query-builder-test-results"
                  tabindex="-1"
                ></ul>
        </div>
      <div class="FormControl-inlineValidation" id="validation-a5314281-e302-4b9b-aaa0-a4efffa755f2" hidden="hidden">
        <span class="FormControl-inlineValidation--visual">
          <svg aria-hidden="true" height="12" viewBox="0 0 12 12" version="1.1" width="12" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert-fill">
    <path d="M4.855.708c.5-.896 1.79-.896 2.29 0l4.675 8.351a1.312 1.312 0 0 1-1.146 1.954H1.33A1.313 1.313 0 0 1 .183 9.058ZM7 7V3H5v4Zm-1 3a1 1 0 1 0 0-2 1 1 0 0 0 0 2Z"></path>
</svg>
        </span>
        <span></span>
</div>    </div>
    <div data-target="query-builder.screenReaderFeedback" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" class="sr-only"></div>
</query-builder></form>
          <div class="d-flex flex-row color-fg-muted px-3 text-small color-bg-default search-feedback-prompt">
            <a target="_blank" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax" data-view-component="true" class="Link color-fg-accent text-normal ml-2">Search syntax tips</a>            <div class="d-flex flex-1"></div>
          </div>
        </div>
</div>

    </div>
</modal-dialog></div>
  </div>
  <div data-action="click:qbsearch-input#retract" class="dark-backdrop position-fixed" hidden data-target="qbsearch-input.darkBackdrop"></div>
  <div class="color-fg-default">
    
<dialog-helper>
  <dialog data-target="qbsearch-input.feedbackDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll">
    <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header">
  <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap">
    <div class="Overlay-titleWrap">
      <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="feedback-dialog-title">
        Provide feedback
      </h1>
        
    </div>
    <div class="Overlay-actionWrap">
      <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" aria-label="Close" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  
</div>
      <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="feedback-dialog-title">
        <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body">        <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="code-search-feedback-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/feedback" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="dQCS65KA/768ttgaoJlbGrHvZ45Tz76v7ONgtDU7q47s3SrW4joZ2nSlHp3jZC4DvUrOzFlDFZ0QBbkX/HVvUA==" />
          <p>We read every piece of feedback, and take your input very seriously.</p>
          <textarea name="feedback" class="form-control width-full mb-2" style="height: 120px" id="feedback"></textarea>
          <input name="include_email" id="include_email" aria-label="Include my email address so I can be contacted" class="form-control mr-2" type="checkbox">
          <label for="include_email" style="font-weight: normal">Include my email address so I can be contacted</label>
</form></div>
      </scrollable-region>
      <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd">          <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn">    Cancel
</button>
          <button form="code-search-feedback-form" data-action="click:qbsearch-input#submitFeedback" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn">    Submit feedback
</button>
</div>
</dialog></dialog-helper>

    <custom-scopes data-target="qbsearch-input.customScopesManager">
    
<dialog-helper>
  <dialog data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialog" data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="custom-scopes-dialog-title" aria-describedby="custom-scopes-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll">
    <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header Overlay-header--divided">
  <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap">
    <div class="Overlay-titleWrap">
      <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="custom-scopes-dialog-title">
        Saved searches
      </h1>
        <h2 id="custom-scopes-dialog-description" class="Overlay-description">Use saved searches to filter your results more quickly</h2>
    </div>
    <div class="Overlay-actionWrap">
      <button data-close-dialog-id="custom-scopes-dialog" aria-label="Close" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg></button>
    </div>
  </div>
  
</div>
      <scrollable-region data-labelled-by="custom-scopes-dialog-title">
        <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-body">        <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div>

        <div hidden class="create-custom-scope-form" data-target="custom-scopes.createCustomScopeForm">
        <!-- '"` --><!-- </textarea></xmp> --></option></form><form id="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-turbo="false" action="/search/custom_scopes" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" name="authenticity_token" value="SOj3etPg91CdV3T9EUKTj6XJXNqsLTPS2LpqPPgsMbSosK+udyqOVvWZWSWKe3YHY8Oq81OIDtiy3reHuDyiug==" />
          <div data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesModalDialogFlash"></div>

          <input type="hidden" id="custom_scope_id" name="custom_scope_id" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesIdField">

          <div class="form-group">
            <label for="custom_scope_name">Name</label>
            <auto-check src="/search/custom_scopes/check_name" required>
              <input
                type="text"
                name="custom_scope_name"
                id="custom_scope_name"
                data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesNameField"
                class="form-control"
                autocomplete="off"
                placeholder="github-ruby"
                required
                maxlength="50">
              <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="gm+NWKjXe2360wmmBaNpt/t++xT5THZTamnS3nDoAsylloIKVm/4Tn4LIUrak6AxEa/1jxov1NOY/+N+Mr9tCQ==" />
            </auto-check>
          </div>

          <div class="form-group">
            <label for="custom_scope_query">Query</label>
            <input
              type="text"
              name="custom_scope_query"
              id="custom_scope_query"
              data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesQueryField"
              class="form-control"
              autocomplete="off"
              placeholder="(repo:mona/a OR repo:mona/b) AND lang:python"
              required
              maxlength="500">
          </div>

          <p class="text-small color-fg-muted">
            To see all available qualifiers, see our <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="https://docs.github.com/search-github/github-code-search/understanding-github-code-search-syntax">documentation</a>.
          </p>
</form>        </div>

        <div data-target="custom-scopes.manageCustomScopesForm">
          <div data-target="custom-scopes.list"></div>
        </div>

</div>
      </scrollable-region>
      <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-footer Overlay-footer--alignEnd Overlay-footer--divided">          <button data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesCancel" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="btn">    Cancel
</button>
          <button form="custom-scopes-dialog-form" data-action="click:custom-scopes#customScopesSubmit" data-target="custom-scopes.customScopesSubmitButton" type="submit" data-view-component="true" class="btn-primary btn">    Create saved search
</button>
</div>
</dialog></dialog-helper>
    </custom-scopes>
  </div>
</qbsearch-input>


            <div class="position-relative HeaderMenu-link-wrap d-lg-inline-block">
              <a
                href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft%2Fissues%2F5454"
                class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-link--sign-in HeaderMenu-button flex-shrink-0 no-underline d-none d-lg-inline-flex border border-lg-0 rounded px-2 py-1"
                style="margin-left: 12px;"
                data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header menu&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;SIGN_UP&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5454&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="1f97a35afe8aba8a10257edc3fab1f2c7ee9356a1cb60f20065617e005b05242"
                data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Marketing nav&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;click to go to homepage&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Sign in;ref_loc:Header&quot;}"
              >
                Sign in
              </a>
            </div>

              <a href="/signup?ref_cta=Sign+up&amp;ref_loc=header+logged+out&amp;ref_page=%2F%3Cuser-name%3E%2F%3Crepo-name%3E%2Fvoltron%2Fissues_fragments%2Fissue_layout&amp;source=header-repo&amp;source_repo=cplusplus%2Fdraft"
                class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-link--sign-up HeaderMenu-button flex-shrink-0 d-flex d-lg-inline-flex no-underline border color-border-default rounded px-2 py-1"
                data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header menu&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;SIGN_UP&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5454&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="1f97a35afe8aba8a10257edc3fab1f2c7ee9356a1cb60f20065617e005b05242"
                data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Sign up&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;click to sign up for account&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ref_page:/&lt;user-name&gt;/&lt;repo-name&gt;/voltron/issues_fragments/issue_layout;ref_cta:Sign up;ref_loc:header logged out&quot;}"
              >
                Sign up
              </a>

                <div class="AppHeader-appearanceSettings">
    <react-partial-anchor>
      <button data-target="react-partial-anchor.anchor" id="icon-button-18b1e9ef-f0a0-439b-a30c-5e3294025c5d" aria-labelledby="tooltip-4c0c56a8-ce57-4ce1-a403-1a085fa75d2f" type="button" disabled="disabled" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium AppHeader-button HeaderMenu-link border cursor-wait">  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-sliders Button-visual">
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</svg>
</button><tool-tip id="tooltip-4c0c56a8-ce57-4ce1-a403-1a085fa75d2f" for="icon-button-18b1e9ef-f0a0-439b-a30c-5e3294025c5d" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Appearance settings</tool-tip>

      <template data-target="react-partial-anchor.template">
        <link crossorigin="anonymous" media="all" rel="stylesheet" href="https://github.githubassets.com/assets/appearance-settings.6c63a6de228d6520804d.module.css" />

<react-partial
  partial-name="appearance-settings"
  data-ssr="false"
  data-attempted-ssr="false"
  data-react-profiling="false"
>
  
  <script type="application/json" data-target="react-partial.embeddedData">{"props":{}}</script>
  <div data-target="react-partial.reactRoot"></div>
</react-partial>


      </template>
    </react-partial-anchor>
  </div>

          <button type="button" class="sr-only js-header-menu-focus-trap d-block d-lg-none">Resetting focus</button>
        </div>
      </div>
    </div>
  </div>
</header>

      <div hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="js-stale-session-flash stale-session-flash flash flash-warn flash-full">
  
        <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-alert">
    <path d="M6.457 1.047c.659-1.234 2.427-1.234 3.086 0l6.082 11.378A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.082 15H1.918a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.543-2.575Zm1.763.707a.25.25 0 0 0-.44 0L1.698 13.132a.25.25 0 0 0 .22.368h12.164a.25.25 0 0 0 .22-.368Zm.53 3.996v2.5a.75.75 0 0 1-1.5 0v-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0ZM9 11a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span class="js-stale-session-flash-signed-in" hidden>You signed in with another tab or window. <a class="Link--inTextBlock" href="">Reload</a> to refresh your session.</span>
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    <button id="icon-button-ea4ced08-f302-414b-995d-cdd4430f9400" aria-labelledby="tooltip-10e5bb66-4470-43c3-9a4d-2ed108b7d381" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="Button Button--iconOnly Button--invisible Button--medium flash-close js-flash-close">  <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x Button-visual">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
</button><tool-tip id="tooltip-10e5bb66-4470-43c3-9a4d-2ed108b7d381" for="icon-button-ea4ced08-f302-414b-995d-cdd4430f9400" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="label" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">Dismiss alert</tool-tip>


  
</div>
    </div>

  <div id="start-of-content" class="show-on-focus"></div>








    <div id="js-flash-container" class="flash-container" data-turbo-replace>




  <template class="js-flash-template">
    
<div class="flash flash-full   {{ className }}">
  <div >
    <button autofocus class="flash-close js-flash-close" type="button" aria-label="Dismiss this message">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x">
    <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 3.22a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L8 9.06l-3.22 3.22a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L6.94 8 3.72 4.78a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
    </button>
    <div aria-atomic="true" role="alert" class="js-flash-alert">
      
      <div>{{ message }}</div>

    </div>
  </div>
</div>
  </template>
</div>


    






  <div
    class="application-main "
    data-commit-hovercards-enabled
    data-discussion-hovercards-enabled
    data-issue-and-pr-hovercards-enabled
    data-project-hovercards-enabled
  >
        <div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SoftwareSourceCode" class="">
    <main id="js-repo-pjax-container" >
      
      
    

    






  
  <div id="repository-container-header"  class="pt-3 hide-full-screen" style="background-color: var(--page-header-bgColor, var(--color-page-header-bg));" data-turbo-replace>

      <div class="d-flex flex-nowrap flex-justify-end mb-3  px-3 px-lg-5" style="gap: 1rem;">

        <div class="flex-auto min-width-0 width-fit">
            
  <div class=" d-flex flex-wrap flex-items-center wb-break-word f3 text-normal">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo color-fg-muted mr-2">
    <path d="M2 2.5A2.5 2.5 0 0 1 4.5 0h8.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v12.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75h-2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h1.75v-2h-8a1 1 0 0 0-.714 1.7.75.75 0 1 1-1.072 1.05A2.495 2.495 0 0 1 2 11.5Zm10.5-1h-8a1 1 0 0 0-1 1v6.708A2.486 2.486 0 0 1 4.5 9h8ZM5 12.25a.25.25 0 0 1 .25-.25h3.5a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v3.25a.25.25 0 0 1-.4.2l-1.45-1.087a.249.249 0 0 0-.3 0L5.4 15.7a.25.25 0 0 1-.4-.2Z"></path>
</svg>
    
    <span class="author flex-self-stretch" itemprop="author">
      <a class="url fn" rel="author" data-hovercard-type="organization" data-hovercard-url="/orgs/cplusplus/hovercard" data-octo-click="hovercard-link-click" data-octo-dimensions="link_type:self" href="/cplusplus">
        cplusplus
</a>    </span>
    <span class="mx-1 flex-self-stretch color-fg-muted">/</span>
    <strong itemprop="name" class="mr-2 flex-self-stretch">
      <a data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/cplusplus/draft">draft</a>
    </strong>

    <span></span><span class="Label Label--secondary v-align-middle mr-1">Public</span>
  </div>


        </div>

        <div id="repository-details-container" class="flex-shrink-0" data-turbo-replace style="max-width: 70%;">
            <ul class="pagehead-actions flex-shrink-0 d-none d-md-inline" style="padding: 2px 0;">
    
      

  <li>
            <a href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" id="repository-details-watch-button" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;notification subscription menu watch&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:null,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5454&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="802849ff74ee6fa960f781a2e54eb9e37675be518a97c742001bd31bfe4b0797" aria-label="You must be signed in to change notification settings" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-bell mr-2">
    <path d="M8 16a2 2 0 0 0 1.985-1.75c.017-.137-.097-.25-.235-.25h-3.5c-.138 0-.252.113-.235.25A2 2 0 0 0 8 16ZM3 5a5 5 0 0 1 10 0v2.947c0 .05.015.098.042.139l1.703 2.555A1.519 1.519 0 0 1 13.482 13H2.518a1.516 1.516 0 0 1-1.263-2.36l1.703-2.554A.255.255 0 0 0 3 7.947Zm5-3.5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 4.5 5v2.947c0 .346-.102.683-.294.97l-1.703 2.556a.017.017 0 0 0-.003.01l.001.006c0 .002.002.004.004.006l.006.004.007.001h10.964l.007-.001.006-.004.004-.006.001-.007a.017.017 0 0 0-.003-.01l-1.703-2.554a1.745 1.745 0 0 1-.294-.97V5A3.5 3.5 0 0 0 8 1.5Z"></path>
</svg>Notifications
</a>    <tool-tip id="tooltip-22a924e9-0185-4307-8264-b513f9b25f47" for="repository-details-watch-button" popover="manual" data-direction="s" data-type="description" data-view-component="true" class="sr-only position-absolute">You must be signed in to change notification settings</tool-tip>

  </li>

  <li>
          <a icon="repo-forked" id="fork-button" href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;repo details fork button&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:2216249,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5454&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="94c447f6884fbfc30084165517532139bed40ebfdcbe5b54cb66cbd92ff64484" data-view-component="true" class="btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2">
    <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path>
</svg>Fork
    <span id="repo-network-counter" data-pjax-replace="true" data-turbo-replace="true" title="793" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">793</span>
</a>
  </li>

  <li>
        <div data-view-component="true" class="BtnGroup d-flex">
        <a href="/login?return_to=%2Fcplusplus%2Fdraft" rel="nofollow" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;star button&quot;,&quot;repository_id&quot;:2216249,&quot;auth_type&quot;:&quot;LOG_IN&quot;,&quot;originating_url&quot;:&quot;https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5454&quot;,&quot;user_id&quot;:null}}" data-hydro-click-hmac="53f7ed64ff228702c4c2818480db7288d83dd430cc8ac8f9a5976292a8022da4" aria-label="You must be signed in to star a repository" data-view-component="true" class="tooltipped tooltipped-sw btn-sm btn">    <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-star v-align-text-bottom d-inline-block mr-2">
    <path d="M8 .25a.75.75 0 0 1 .673.418l1.882 3.815 4.21.612a.75.75 0 0 1 .416 1.279l-3.046 2.97.719 4.192a.751.751 0 0 1-1.088.791L8 12.347l-3.766 1.98a.75.75 0 0 1-1.088-.79l.72-4.194L.818 6.374a.75.75 0 0 1 .416-1.28l4.21-.611L7.327.668A.75.75 0 0 1 8 .25Zm0 2.445L6.615 5.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.564.41l-3.097.45 2.24 2.184a.75.75 0 0 1 .216.664l-.528 3.084 2.769-1.456a.75.75 0 0 1 .698 0l2.77 1.456-.53-3.084a.75.75 0 0 1 .216-.664l2.24-2.183-3.096-.45a.75.75 0 0 1-.564-.41L8 2.694Z"></path>
</svg><span data-view-component="true" class="d-inline">
          Star
</span>          <span id="repo-stars-counter-star" aria-label="5938 users starred this repository" data-singular-suffix="user starred this repository" data-plural-suffix="users starred this repository" data-turbo-replace="true" title="5,938" data-view-component="true" class="Counter js-social-count">5.9k</span>
</a></div>
  </li>

</ul>

        </div>
      </div>

        <div id="responsive-meta-container" data-turbo-replace>
</div>


          <nav data-pjax="#js-repo-pjax-container" aria-label="Repository" data-view-component="true" class="js-repo-nav js-sidenav-container-pjax js-responsive-underlinenav overflow-hidden UnderlineNav px-3 px-md-4 px-lg-5">

  <ul data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-body list-style-none">
      <li data-view-component="true" class="d-inline-flex">
  <a id="code-tab" href="/cplusplus/draft" data-tab-item="i0code-tab" data-selected-links="repo_source repo_downloads repo_commits repo_releases repo_tags repo_branches repo_packages repo_deployments repo_attestations /cplusplus/draft" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" data-hotkey="g c" data-analytics-event="{&quot;category&quot;:&quot;Underline navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;Click tab&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;Code&quot;,&quot;target&quot;:&quot;UNDERLINE_NAV.TAB&quot;}" data-view-component="true" class="UnderlineNav-item no-wrap js-responsive-underlinenav-item js-selected-navigation-item">
    
              <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code UnderlineNav-octicon d-none d-sm-inline">
    <path d="m11.28 3.22 4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.275-.326.749.749 0 0 1 .215-.734L13.94 8l-3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .326-1.275.749.749 0 0 1 .734.215Zm-6.56 0a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042L2.06 8l3.72 3.72a.749.749 0 0 1-.326 1.275.749.749 0 0 1-.734-.215L.47 8.53a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path>
</svg>
        <span data-content="Code">Code</span>
          <span id="code-repo-tab-count" data-pjax-replace="" data-turbo-replace="" title="Not available" data-view-component="true" class="Counter"></span>


    
</a></li>
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  <script type="application/json" data-target="react-app.embeddedData">{"payload":{"preloaded_records":{},"structured_data":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DiscussionForumPosting","headline":"[temp.deduct.partial] The unclear points in partial ordering for function/class templates","articleBody":"[temp.deduct.partial] p8 says\r\n\u003e Using the resulting types P and A, the deduction is then done as described in [temp.deduct.type]. \r\n\r\n[temp.deduct.type] p1 says\r\n\u003e an attempt is made to find template argument values (a type for a type parameter, a value for a non-type parameter, or a template for a template parameter) that will make P, **after substitution** of the deduced values (call it the deduced A), compatible with A.  \r\n\r\n[temp.func.order] p3 says\r\n\u003e To produce the transformed template, for each type, non-type, or template template parameter (including template parameter packs thereof) synthesize a **unique** type, value, or class template respectively and substitute it for each occurrence of that parameter in the function type of the template.\r\n\r\n\r\nConsider this example:\r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT,T\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e){\r\n     std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\n````\r\nTake `#1` as the argument template and `#2` as the parameter template. Assume the unique type for `T` in `#1` is `TUnique1`, hence `A` is `A\u003cTUnique1, TUnique1\u003e`, which compares with `P` that is `A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e`, the first `T` in `P` is deduced to  `TUnique1`, according to [temp.deduct.type] p4, the second `T` in `P` uses the value deduced for the first `T`. Back to [temp.deduct.type] p1, the result of the substitution is `A\u003cTUnique1, TUnique1\u003e` because `std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e` is `T` for any type `T`. The deduction of `P` from `A` success. Again,take `#1` as the parameter template and `#2` as the argument template, with the similar reason, the deduction of `P` from `A` success. We expect the call would be ambiguous, however, most implementations chose `#1`.  \r\n\r\nConsider a contrast example:\r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nstruct Wrapper{\r\n    using type = T;\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, typename Wrapper\u003cT\u003e::type\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e){\r\n     std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\n````\r\nFor any type `T`, the result of the substitution of `typename Wrapper\u003cT\u003e::type` is `T`. The call is ambiguous for a similar reason as above, at this time, implementations agree the call is ambiguous. More vague in partial ordering can be found here   \r\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/31394260/template-partial-ordering-why-does-partial-deduction-succeed-here\r\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/42416993/class-template-specialization-partial-ordering-and-function-synthesis\r\n\r\nThe subject of the second question can be simplified as \r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\n// template\u003cclass T\u003e\r\n// struct A\u003cT,T\u003e{};\r\n\r\n// template\u003cclass T\u003e\r\n// struct A\u003cT, decltype(T{})\u003e{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT,T\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, decltype(T{})\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\nint main(){\r\n   // A\u003cint,int\u003e c;  \r\n   fun(A\u003cint,int\u003e{});\r\n}\r\n````\r\nThe call prints `#1` but `A\u003cint,int\u003e` is ambiguous. However, the partial ordering of the class partial specializations should be equivalent to partial ordering of the function templates.\r\n\r\n","author":{"url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","@type":"Person","name":"xmh0511"},"datePublished":"2022-05-06T12:38:52.000Z","interactionStatistic":{"@type":"InteractionCounter","interactionType":"https://schema.org/CommentAction","userInteractionCount":1},"url":"https://github.com/5454/draft/issues/5454"},"preloadedQueries":[{"queryId":"cee21fcf82c877ad153a2db35b36eb94","queryName":"IssueViewerViewQuery","variables":{"count":15,"id":"repository","number":5454,"owner":"cplusplus","repo":"draft"},"result":{"data":{"repository":{"isOwnerEnterpriseManaged":false,"issue":{"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5JLvvW","updatedAt":"2022-05-06T14:27:15Z","title":"[temp.deduct.partial] The unclear points in partial ordering for function/class templates","number":5454,"repository":{"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","login":"cplusplus","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus","databaseId":59276},"isArchived":false,"isPrivate":false,"databaseId":2216249,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"visibility":"PUBLIC","viewerCanPush":false,"viewerCanInteract":false,"viewerInteractionLimitReasonHTML":"","planFeatures":{"maximumAssignees":10},"isCopilotAgentEnabled":null,"pinnedIssues":{"totalCount":0},"viewerCanPinIssues":false,"viewerIssueCreationPermissions":{"triageable":false},"issueTypes":{"edges":[{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvmw"}},{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvnQ"}},{"node":{"id":"IT_kwDN54zOAAFvog"}}]}},"titleHTML":"[temp.deduct.partial] The unclear points in partial ordering for function/class templates","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5454","viewerCanUpdateNext":false,"issueType":null,"state":"OPEN","stateReason":null,"duplicateOf":null,"linkedPullRequests":{"nodes":[]},"subIssuesSummary":{"total":0,"completed":0},"__isLabelable":"Issue","labels":{"edges":[],"pageInfo":{"endCursor":null,"hasNextPage":false}},"__isNode":"Issue","assignedActors":{"nodes":[]},"milestone":null,"databaseId":1227815894,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"locked":false,"author":{"__typename":"User","__isActor":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4"},"__isComment":"Issue","body":"[temp.deduct.partial] p8 says\r\n\u003e Using the resulting types P and A, the deduction is then done as described in [temp.deduct.type]. \r\n\r\n[temp.deduct.type] p1 says\r\n\u003e an attempt is made to find template argument values (a type for a type parameter, a value for a non-type parameter, or a template for a template parameter) that will make P, **after substitution** of the deduced values (call it the deduced A), compatible with A.  \r\n\r\n[temp.func.order] p3 says\r\n\u003e To produce the transformed template, for each type, non-type, or template template parameter (including template parameter packs thereof) synthesize a **unique** type, value, or class template respectively and substitute it for each occurrence of that parameter in the function type of the template.\r\n\r\n\r\nConsider this example:\r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT,T\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e){\r\n     std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\n````\r\nTake `#1` as the argument template and `#2` as the parameter template. Assume the unique type for `T` in `#1` is `TUnique1`, hence `A` is `A\u003cTUnique1, TUnique1\u003e`, which compares with `P` that is `A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e`, the first `T` in `P` is deduced to  `TUnique1`, according to [temp.deduct.type] p4, the second `T` in `P` uses the value deduced for the first `T`. Back to [temp.deduct.type] p1, the result of the substitution is `A\u003cTUnique1, TUnique1\u003e` because `std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e` is `T` for any type `T`. The deduction of `P` from `A` success. Again,take `#1` as the parameter template and `#2` as the argument template, with the similar reason, the deduction of `P` from `A` success. We expect the call would be ambiguous, however, most implementations chose `#1`.  \r\n\r\nConsider a contrast example:\r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nstruct Wrapper{\r\n    using type = T;\r\n};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, typename Wrapper\u003cT\u003e::type\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, std::remove_reference_t\u003cdecltype(std::declval\u003cT\u003e())\u003e\u003e){\r\n     std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\n````\r\nFor any type `T`, the result of the substitution of `typename Wrapper\u003cT\u003e::type` is `T`. The call is ambiguous for a similar reason as above, at this time, implementations agree the call is ambiguous. More vague in partial ordering can be found here   \r\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/31394260/template-partial-ordering-why-does-partial-deduction-succeed-here\r\nhttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/42416993/class-template-specialization-partial-ordering-and-function-synthesis\r\n\r\nThe subject of the second question can be simplified as \r\n````cpp\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T, class U\u003e\r\nstruct A{};\r\n\r\n// template\u003cclass T\u003e\r\n// struct A\u003cT,T\u003e{};\r\n\r\n// template\u003cclass T\u003e\r\n// struct A\u003cT, decltype(T{})\u003e{};\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT,T\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#1\\n\";\r\n}\r\n\r\ntemplate\u003cclass T\u003e\r\nvoid fun(A\u003cT, decltype(T{})\u003e){\r\n    std::cout\u003c\u003c\"#2\\n\";\r\n}\r\nint main(){\r\n   // A\u003cint,int\u003e c;  \r\n   fun(A\u003cint,int\u003e{});\r\n}\r\n````\r\nThe call prints `#1` but `A\u003cint,int\u003e` is ambiguous. However, the partial ordering of the class partial specializations should be equivalent to partial ordering of the function templates.\r\n\r\n","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e[temp.deduct.partial] p8 says\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsing the resulting types P and A, the deduction is then done as described in [temp.deduct.type].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e[temp.deduct.type] p1 says\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ean attempt is made to find template argument values (a type for a type parameter, a value for a non-type parameter, or a template for a template parameter) that will make P, \u003cstrong\u003eafter substitution\u003c/strong\u003e of the deduced values (call it the deduced A), compatible with A.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e[temp.func.order] p3 says\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cblockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTo produce the transformed template, for each type, non-type, or template template parameter (including template parameter packs thereof) synthesize a \u003cstrong\u003eunique\u003c/strong\u003e type, value, or class template respectively and substitute it for each occurrence of that parameter in the function type of the template.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/blockquote\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eConsider this example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"template\u0026lt;class T, class U\u0026gt;\nstruct A{};\n\ntemplate\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\nvoid fun(A\u0026lt;T,T\u0026gt;){\n    std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u0026quot;#1\\n\u0026quot;;\n}\n\ntemplate\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\nvoid fun(A\u0026lt;T, std::remove_reference_t\u0026lt;decltype(std::declval\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;())\u0026gt;\u0026gt;){\n     std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u0026quot;#2\\n\u0026quot;;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eU\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e{};\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e(A\u0026lt;T,T\u0026gt;){\n    std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e#1\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e(A\u0026lt;T, std::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eremove_reference_t\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edecltype\u003c/span\u003e(std::declval\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;())\u0026gt;\u0026gt;){\n     std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e#2\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eTake \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e as the argument template and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#2\u003c/code\u003e as the parameter template. Assume the unique type for \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eTUnique1\u003c/code\u003e, hence \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;TUnique1, TUnique1\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, which compares with \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eP\u003c/code\u003e that is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;T, std::remove_reference_t\u0026lt;decltype(std::declval\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;())\u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, the first \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eP\u003c/code\u003e is deduced to  \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eTUnique1\u003c/code\u003e, according to [temp.deduct.type] p4, the second \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e in \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eP\u003c/code\u003e uses the value deduced for the first \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e. Back to [temp.deduct.type] p1, the result of the substitution is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;TUnique1, TUnique1\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e because \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003estd::remove_reference_t\u0026lt;decltype(std::declval\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;())\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e for any type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e. The deduction of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eP\u003c/code\u003e from \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e success. Again,take \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e as the parameter template and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#2\u003c/code\u003e as the argument template, with the similar reason, the deduction of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eP\u003c/code\u003e from \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e success. We expect the call would be ambiguous, however, most implementations chose \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eConsider a contrast example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"template\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\nstruct Wrapper{\n    using type = T;\n};\n\ntemplate\u0026lt;class T, class U\u0026gt;\nstruct A{};\n\ntemplate\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\nvoid fun(A\u0026lt;T, typename Wrapper\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;::type\u0026gt;){\n    std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u0026quot;#1\\n\u0026quot;;\n}\n\ntemplate\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\nvoid fun(A\u0026lt;T, std::remove_reference_t\u0026lt;decltype(std::declval\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;())\u0026gt;\u0026gt;){\n     std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u0026quot;#2\\n\u0026quot;;\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eWrapper\u003c/span\u003e{\n    \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eusing\u003c/span\u003e type = T;\n};\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eU\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e{};\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e(A\u0026lt;T, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etypename\u003c/span\u003e Wrapper\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;::type\u0026gt;){\n    std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e#1\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e(A\u0026lt;T, std::\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eremove_reference_t\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edecltype\u003c/span\u003e(std::declval\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;())\u0026gt;\u0026gt;){\n     std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e#2\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor any type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e, the result of the substitution of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003etypename Wrapper\u0026lt;T\u0026gt;::type\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eT\u003c/code\u003e. The call is ambiguous for a similar reason as above, at this time, implementations agree the call is ambiguous. More vague in partial ordering can be found here\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31394260/template-partial-ordering-why-does-partial-deduction-succeed-here\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/31394260/template-partial-ordering-why-does-partial-deduction-succeed-here\u003c/a\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42416993/class-template-specialization-partial-ordering-and-function-synthesis\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://stackoverflow.com/questions/42416993/class-template-specialization-partial-ordering-and-function-synthesis\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe subject of the second question can be simplified as\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"template\u0026lt;class T, class U\u0026gt;\nstruct A{};\n\n// template\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\n// struct A\u0026lt;T,T\u0026gt;{};\n\n// template\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\n// struct A\u0026lt;T, decltype(T{})\u0026gt;{};\n\ntemplate\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\nvoid fun(A\u0026lt;T,T\u0026gt;){\n    std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u0026quot;#1\\n\u0026quot;;\n}\n\ntemplate\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\nvoid fun(A\u0026lt;T, decltype(T{})\u0026gt;){\n    std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u0026quot;#2\\n\u0026quot;;\n}\nint main(){\n   // A\u0026lt;int,int\u0026gt; c;  \n   fun(A\u0026lt;int,int\u0026gt;{});\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eU\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003estruct\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eA\u003c/span\u003e{};\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e template\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e struct A\u0026lt;T,T\u0026gt;{};\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e template\u0026lt;class T\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e struct A\u0026lt;T, decltype(T{})\u0026gt;{};\u003c/span\u003e\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e(A\u0026lt;T,T\u0026gt;){\n    std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e#1\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003etemplate\u003c/span\u003e\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eclass\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eT\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e(A\u0026lt;T, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edecltype\u003c/span\u003e(T{})\u0026gt;){\n    std::cout\u0026lt;\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e#2\u003cspan class=\"pl-cce\"\u003e\\n\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-pds\"\u003e\"\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e;\n}\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emain\u003c/span\u003e(){\n   \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e//\u003c/span\u003e A\u0026lt;int,int\u0026gt; c;  \u003c/span\u003e\n   \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003efun\u003c/span\u003e(A\u0026lt;\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e,\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e\u0026gt;{});\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe call prints \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e#1\u003c/code\u003e but \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;int,int\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e is ambiguous. However, the partial ordering of the class partial specializations should be equivalent to partial ordering of the function templates.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"7d0f7c775070664b9a822e144b96853c2d9d1979b17cc27cad4fd0edcc1bfeff","createdAt":"2022-05-06T12:38:52Z","__isReactable":"Issue","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"viewerCanUpdateMetadata":false,"viewerCanComment":false,"viewerCanAssign":false,"viewerCanLabel":false,"__isIssueOrPullRequest":"Issue","projectItemsNext":{"edges":[],"pageInfo":{"endCursor":null,"hasNextPage":false}},"viewerCanSetMilestone":false,"isPinned":false,"viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanTransfer":false,"viewerCanConvertToDiscussion":false,"viewerCanLock":false,"viewerCanType":false,"viewerCanSetFields":false,"issueFieldValues":{"nodes":[]},"frontTimelineItems":{"pageInfo":{"hasNextPage":false,"endCursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABgJmroqAAqjExMTk2NTQ0NTk="},"totalCount":4,"edges":[{"node":{"__typename":"RenamedTitleEvent","__isIssueTimelineItems":"RenamedTitleEvent","__isTimelineEvent":"RenamedTitleEvent","databaseId":6563318935,"createdAt":"2022-05-06T12:45:41Z","actor":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx","__isActor":"User","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?s=64\u0026u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileResourcePath":"/xmh0511"},"currentTitle":"[temp.deduct.partial] The substitution in partial ordering for function templates","previousTitle":"[temp.deduct.partial] The substitution in patial ordering for function templates","__isNode":"RenamedTitleEvent","id":"RTE_lADOACHROc5JLvvWzwAAAAGHNEyX"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABgJlniQgBqjY1NjMzMTg5MzU="},{"node":{"__typename":"RenamedTitleEvent","__isIssueTimelineItems":"RenamedTitleEvent","__isTimelineEvent":"RenamedTitleEvent","databaseId":6563320313,"createdAt":"2022-05-06T12:45:54Z","actor":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx","__isActor":"User","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?s=64\u0026u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileResourcePath":"/xmh0511"},"currentTitle":"[temp.deduct.partial] The substitution in partial ordering for function/class templates","previousTitle":"[temp.deduct.partial] The substitution in partial ordering for function templates","__isNode":"RenamedTitleEvent","id":"RTE_lADOACHROc5JLvvWzwAAAAGHNFH5"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABgJlnu9ABqjY1NjMzMjAzMTM="},{"node":{"__typename":"RenamedTitleEvent","__isIssueTimelineItems":"RenamedTitleEvent","__isTimelineEvent":"RenamedTitleEvent","databaseId":6563617008,"createdAt":"2022-05-06T13:29:00Z","actor":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx","__isActor":"User","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?s=64\u0026u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileResourcePath":"/xmh0511"},"currentTitle":"[temp.deduct.partial] The unclear points in partial ordering for function/class templates","previousTitle":"[temp.deduct.partial] The substitution in partial ordering for function/class templates","__isNode":"RenamedTitleEvent","id":"RTE_lADOACHROc5JLvvWzwAAAAGHONjw"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABgJmPMWABqjY1NjM2MTcwMDg="},{"node":{"__typename":"IssueComment","__isIssueTimelineItems":"IssueComment","databaseId":1119654459,"viewerDidAuthor":false,"issue":{"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"I_kwDOACHROc5JLvvW","number":5454,"locked":false,"databaseId":1227815894},"author":{"__typename":"User","login":"xmh0511","avatarUrl":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/17973891?u=4644fae26cfb3747712a5956cb193f4067b86016\u0026v=4","profileUrl":"https://github.com/xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"IC_kwDOACHROc5CvJI7","body":"Another vague point is whether the instantiation is performed for determining the actual type of argument template and the deduced `A`. According to the behavior of implementations, the instantiation is not performed for the type of the argument template in both partial orderings of function template and class template. For the deduced `A`, the instantiation is performed for the function template but is not performed for the class template. Specifically, for the unique type `Unique`\r\n\r\nThe `A` will be `A\u003cUnique, decltype(Unique{})\u003e` rather than `A\u003cUnique, Unique\u003e`(after instantiation). Assume `A\u003cT,T\u003e` is `A` with a synthesized unique type `Unique2` and `A\u003cT, decltype(T{})\u003e` is `P`, for partial ordering of function template, the instantiation may happen for it after deducing `A\u003cT, decltype(T{})\u003e` from `A\u003cUnique2, Unique2\u003e`, the deduced `A` is `A\u003cUnique2, Unique2\u003e` that is compatible with `A`. For partial ordering class template, the instantiation is not performed(i.e. remain its original form), the deduced `A` is ``A\u003cUnique2, decltype(Unique2{})\u003e`, which is not compatible with `A\u003cUnique2, Unique2\u003e`. \r\n\r\nThe above conclusion is inspired by the behavior of implementations and the [answers](https://stackoverflow.com/a/48837089/11796722) of @zygoloid. This part is vague in the standard. \r\n\r\n\r\n**BUT** the deduced `A'` is not always possible to instantiate the final type to determine whether `A'` is **compatible** with `A`. Such as `A\u003cT, decltype(fun(T))\u003e`, different types of the argument will produce the different return types(if `fun` is overload set). In this case, it is not possible to determine the return type of `fun` when giving a unique type that is not concrete. In summary, whether the deduction success and how **compatible** are just vague in the partial ordering of both function templates and class templates.","bodyHTML":"\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAnother vague point is whether the instantiation is performed for determining the actual type of argument template and the deduced \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e. According to the behavior of implementations, the instantiation is not performed for the type of the argument template in both partial orderings of function template and class template. For the deduced \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e, the instantiation is performed for the function template but is not performed for the class template. Specifically, for the unique type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eUnique\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e will be \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;Unique, decltype(Unique{})\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e rather than \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;Unique, Unique\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e(after instantiation). Assume \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;T,T\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e with a synthesized unique type \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eUnique2\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;T, decltype(T{})\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eP\u003c/code\u003e, for partial ordering of function template, the instantiation may happen for it after deducing \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;T, decltype(T{})\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e from \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;Unique2, Unique2\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, the deduced \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e is \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;Unique2, Unique2\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e that is compatible with \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e. For partial ordering class template, the instantiation is not performed(i.e. remain its original form), the deduced \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e is ``A\u0026lt;Unique2, decltype(Unique2{})\u0026gt;\u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003e, which is not compatible with \u003c/code\u003eA\u0026lt;Unique2, Unique2\u0026gt;`.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe above conclusion is inspired by the behavior of implementations and the \u003ca href=\"https://stackoverflow.com/a/48837089/11796722\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eanswers\u003c/a\u003e of \u003ca class=\"user-mention notranslate\" data-hovercard-type=\"user\" data-hovercard-url=\"/users/zygoloid/hovercard\" data-octo-click=\"hovercard-link-click\" data-octo-dimensions=\"link_type:self\" href=\"https://github.com/zygoloid\"\u003e@zygoloid\u003c/a\u003e. This part is vague in the standard.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBUT\u003c/strong\u003e the deduced \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA'\u003c/code\u003e is not always possible to instantiate the final type to determine whether \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA'\u003c/code\u003e is \u003cstrong\u003ecompatible\u003c/strong\u003e with \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u003c/code\u003e. Such as \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003eA\u0026lt;T, decltype(fun(T))\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e, different types of the argument will produce the different return types(if \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003efun\u003c/code\u003e is overload set). In this case, it is not possible to determine the return type of \u003ccode class=\"notranslate\"\u003efun\u003c/code\u003e when giving a unique type that is not concrete. In summary, whether the deduction success and how \u003cstrong\u003ecompatible\u003c/strong\u003e are just vague in the partial ordering of both function templates and class templates.\u003c/p\u003e","bodyVersion":"92a8ce6921cdbdd36a8b841f9faa287b7736b9ead571349e3185173c62352536","viewerCanUpdate":false,"url":"https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/issues/5454#issuecomment-1119654459","createdAt":"2022-05-06T14:00:04Z","authorAssociation":"CONTRIBUTOR","viewerCanDelete":false,"viewerCanMinimize":false,"viewerCanUnminimize":false,"viewerCanReport":false,"viewerCanReportToMaintainer":false,"viewerCanBlockFromOrg":false,"viewerCanUnblockFromOrg":false,"viaApp":null,"isHidden":false,"minimizedReason":null,"showSpammyBadge":false,"createdViaEmail":false,"authorToRepoOwnerSponsorship":null,"repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","name":"draft","owner":{"__typename":"Organization","id":"MDEyOk9yZ2FuaXphdGlvbjU5Mjc2","login":"cplusplus","url":"https://github.com/cplusplus"},"isPrivate":false,"slashCommandsEnabled":false,"nameWithOwner":"cplusplus/draft","databaseId":2216249},"__isComment":"IssueComment","viewerCanReadUserContentEdits":true,"lastEditedAt":"2022-05-06T14:27:15Z","lastUserContentEdit":{"editor":{"__typename":"User","url":"https://github.com/xmh0511","login":"xmh0511","id":"MDQ6VXNlcjE3OTczODkx"},"id":"UCE_lALOACHROc5CvJI7ziMMVhE"},"__isReactable":"IssueComment","reactionGroups":[{"content":"THUMBS_UP","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"THUMBS_DOWN","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"LAUGH","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HOORAY","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"CONFUSED","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"HEART","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"ROCKET","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}},{"content":"EYES","viewerHasReacted":false,"reactors":{"totalCount":0,"nodes":[]}}],"__isNode":"IssueComment"},"cursor":"Y3Vyc29yOnYyOpPPAAABgJmroqAAqjExMTk2NTQ0NTk="}]},"backTimelineItems":{"pageInfo":{"hasPreviousPage":true,"startCursor":null},"totalCount":4,"edges":[]}},"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5"},"safeViewer":null}},"timestamp":1759109452}]},"title":null,"appPayload":{"initial_view_content":{"team_id":null,"can_edit_view":true},"current_user":null,"current_user_settings":{"preferred_emoji_skin_tone":null,"copilot_show_functionality":false,"use_single_key_shortcut":false},"paste_url_link_as_plain_text":false,"base_avatar_url":"https://avatars.githubusercontent.com","help_url":"https://docs.github.com","sso_organizations":null,"current_sso_orgs_match_dismissed_cookie":null,"multi_tenant":false,"tracing":false,"tracing_flamegraph":false,"catalog_service":"github/issues","scoped_repository":{"id":"MDEwOlJlcG9zaXRvcnkyMjE2MjQ5","owner":"cplusplus","name":"draft","is_archived":false},"enabled_features":{"use_pull_request_subscriptions_enabled":false,"pull_request_single_subscription":true,"disable_issues_react_ssr":false,"issue_dependencies":true,"copilot_natural_language_github_search":false,"private_avatars":false,"reserved_domain":true,"projects_classic_sunset_override":false,"issues_react_bypass_es_limits":true,"notifyd_issue_watch_activity_notify":false,"notifyd_enable_issue_thread_subscriptions":false,"timeline_best_effort_count_optimization":false,"copilot_auto_assign_metadata":false,"issues_react_bots_timeline_pagination":true,"copilot_workspace_cross_repo_selection":false,"copilot_agent_mode":true,"issues_react_force_turbo_nav":false,"copilot_swe_agent":true,"copilot_workspace":null,"tasklist_block":false,"issues_react_perf_test":false}}}</script>
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2022</relative-time></a></div></div><div class="ActivityHeader-module__narrowViewportWrapper--k4ncm IssueBodyHeader-module__actionsWrapper--nZngh"><div class="ActivityHeader-module__edits--WkfqY IssueBodyHeader-module__editsSection--ptNnu"></div><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__badgesSection--izNBK"><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__badgeGroup--xiI1A"></div><div class="IssueBodyHeader-module__actionsSection--CZDiB"><button data-component="IconButton" type="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" class="prc-Button-ButtonBase-c50BI prc-Button-IconButton-szpyj" data-loading="false" data-no-visuals="true" data-size="small" data-variant="invisible" aria-describedby=":R4ldklmb:-loading-announcement" aria-labelledby=":R3sldklmb:" id=":R4ldklmb:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-kebab-horizontal" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M8 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3ZM1.5 9a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Zm13 0a1.5 1.5 0 1 0 0-3 1.5 1.5 0 0 0 0 3Z"></path></svg></button><span class="prc-TooltipV2-Tooltip-cYMVY" data-direction="s" aria-hidden="true" id=":R3sldklmb:">Issue body actions</span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="IssueBodyViewer-module__IssueBody--Zg6Wy" id="issue-body-viewer" data-testid="issue-body-viewer"><div data-testid="markdown-body" data-team-hovercards-enabled="true" class="markdown-body" data-turbolinks="false"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 markdown-body NewMarkdownViewer-module__safe-html-box--dKCgP"><p dir="auto">[temp.deduct.partial] p8 says</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">Using the resulting types P and A, the deduction is then done as described in [temp.deduct.type].</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">[temp.deduct.type] p1 says</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">an attempt is made to find template argument values (a type for a type parameter, a value for a non-type parameter, or a template for a template parameter) that will make P, <strong>after substitution</strong> of the deduced values (call it the deduced A), compatible with A.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">[temp.func.order] p3 says</p>
<blockquote>
<p dir="auto">To produce the transformed template, for each type, non-type, or template template parameter (including template parameter packs thereof) synthesize a <strong>unique</strong> type, value, or class template respectively and substitute it for each occurrence of that parameter in the function type of the template.</p>
</blockquote>
<p dir="auto">Consider this example:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="template&lt;class T, class U&gt;
struct A{};

template&lt;class T&gt;
void fun(A&lt;T,T&gt;){
    std::cout&lt;&lt;&quot;#1\n&quot;;
}

template&lt;class T&gt;
void fun(A&lt;T, std::remove_reference_t&lt;decltype(std::declval&lt;T&gt;())&gt;&gt;){
     std::cout&lt;&lt;&quot;#2\n&quot;;
}"><pre class="notranslate"><span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>, <span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">U</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">struct</span> <span class="pl-en">A</span>{};

<span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">void</span> <span class="pl-en">fun</span>(A&lt;T,T&gt;){
    std::cout&lt;&lt;<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>#1<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>;
}

<span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">void</span> <span class="pl-en">fun</span>(A&lt;T, std::<span class="pl-c1">remove_reference_t</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">decltype</span>(std::declval&lt;T&gt;())&gt;&gt;){
     std::cout&lt;&lt;<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>#2<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>;
}</pre></div>
<p dir="auto">Take <code class="notranslate">#1</code> as the argument template and <code class="notranslate">#2</code> as the parameter template. Assume the unique type for <code class="notranslate">T</code> in <code class="notranslate">#1</code> is <code class="notranslate">TUnique1</code>, hence <code class="notranslate">A</code> is <code class="notranslate">A&lt;TUnique1, TUnique1&gt;</code>, which compares with <code class="notranslate">P</code> that is <code class="notranslate">A&lt;T, std::remove_reference_t&lt;decltype(std::declval&lt;T&gt;())&gt;&gt;</code>, the first <code class="notranslate">T</code> in <code class="notranslate">P</code> is deduced to  <code class="notranslate">TUnique1</code>, according to [temp.deduct.type] p4, the second <code class="notranslate">T</code> in <code class="notranslate">P</code> uses the value deduced for the first <code class="notranslate">T</code>. Back to [temp.deduct.type] p1, the result of the substitution is <code class="notranslate">A&lt;TUnique1, TUnique1&gt;</code> because <code class="notranslate">std::remove_reference_t&lt;decltype(std::declval&lt;T&gt;())&gt;</code> is <code class="notranslate">T</code> for any type <code class="notranslate">T</code>. The deduction of <code class="notranslate">P</code> from <code class="notranslate">A</code> success. Again,take <code class="notranslate">#1</code> as the parameter template and <code class="notranslate">#2</code> as the argument template, with the similar reason, the deduction of <code class="notranslate">P</code> from <code class="notranslate">A</code> success. We expect the call would be ambiguous, however, most implementations chose <code class="notranslate">#1</code>.</p>
<p dir="auto">Consider a contrast example:</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="template&lt;class T&gt;
struct Wrapper{
    using type = T;
};

template&lt;class T, class U&gt;
struct A{};

template&lt;class T&gt;
void fun(A&lt;T, typename Wrapper&lt;T&gt;::type&gt;){
    std::cout&lt;&lt;&quot;#1\n&quot;;
}

template&lt;class T&gt;
void fun(A&lt;T, std::remove_reference_t&lt;decltype(std::declval&lt;T&gt;())&gt;&gt;){
     std::cout&lt;&lt;&quot;#2\n&quot;;
}"><pre class="notranslate"><span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">struct</span> <span class="pl-en">Wrapper</span>{
    <span class="pl-k">using</span> type = T;
};

<span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>, <span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">U</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">struct</span> <span class="pl-en">A</span>{};

<span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">void</span> <span class="pl-en">fun</span>(A&lt;T, <span class="pl-k">typename</span> Wrapper&lt;T&gt;::type&gt;){
    std::cout&lt;&lt;<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>#1<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>;
}

<span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">void</span> <span class="pl-en">fun</span>(A&lt;T, std::<span class="pl-c1">remove_reference_t</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">decltype</span>(std::declval&lt;T&gt;())&gt;&gt;){
     std::cout&lt;&lt;<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>#2<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>;
}</pre></div>
<p dir="auto">For any type <code class="notranslate">T</code>, the result of the substitution of <code class="notranslate">typename Wrapper&lt;T&gt;::type</code> is <code class="notranslate">T</code>. The call is ambiguous for a similar reason as above, at this time, implementations agree the call is ambiguous. More vague in partial ordering can be found here<br>
<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31394260/template-partial-ordering-why-does-partial-deduction-succeed-here" rel="nofollow">https://stackoverflow.com/questions/31394260/template-partial-ordering-why-does-partial-deduction-succeed-here</a><br>
<a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42416993/class-template-specialization-partial-ordering-and-function-synthesis" rel="nofollow">https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42416993/class-template-specialization-partial-ordering-and-function-synthesis</a></p>
<p dir="auto">The subject of the second question can be simplified as</p>
<div class="highlight highlight-source-c++ notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="template&lt;class T, class U&gt;
struct A{};

// template&lt;class T&gt;
// struct A&lt;T,T&gt;{};

// template&lt;class T&gt;
// struct A&lt;T, decltype(T{})&gt;{};

template&lt;class T&gt;
void fun(A&lt;T,T&gt;){
    std::cout&lt;&lt;&quot;#1\n&quot;;
}

template&lt;class T&gt;
void fun(A&lt;T, decltype(T{})&gt;){
    std::cout&lt;&lt;&quot;#2\n&quot;;
}
int main(){
   // A&lt;int,int&gt; c;  
   fun(A&lt;int,int&gt;{});
}"><pre class="notranslate"><span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>, <span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">U</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">struct</span> <span class="pl-en">A</span>{};

<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> template&lt;class T&gt;</span>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> struct A&lt;T,T&gt;{};</span>

<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> template&lt;class T&gt;</span>
<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> struct A&lt;T, decltype(T{})&gt;{};</span>

<span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">void</span> <span class="pl-en">fun</span>(A&lt;T,T&gt;){
    std::cout&lt;&lt;<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>#1<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>;
}

<span class="pl-k">template</span>&lt;<span class="pl-k">class</span> <span class="pl-en">T</span>&gt;
<span class="pl-k">void</span> <span class="pl-en">fun</span>(A&lt;T, <span class="pl-k">decltype</span>(T{})&gt;){
    std::cout&lt;&lt;<span class="pl-s"><span class="pl-pds">"</span>#2<span class="pl-cce">\n</span><span class="pl-pds">"</span></span>;
}
<span class="pl-k">int</span> <span class="pl-en">main</span>(){
   <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">//</span> A&lt;int,int&gt; c;  </span>
   <span class="pl-c1">fun</span>(A&lt;<span class="pl-k">int</span>,<span class="pl-k">int</span>&gt;{});
}</pre></div>
<p dir="auto">The call prints <code class="notranslate">#1</code> but <code class="notranslate">A&lt;int,int&gt;</code> is ambiguous. However, the partial ordering of the class partial specializations should be equivalent to partial ordering of the function templates.</p></div></div><div class="IssueBodyViewer-module__IssueBodyTaskList--xb3uu"><!--$--><div role="toolbar" aria-label="Reactions" class="d-flex gap-1 flex-wrap"></div><!--/$--></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div data-testid="issue-viewer-comments-container" class="react-comments-container"><div class="IssueViewer-module__commentsContainer--H8wxg"><!--$!--><template></template><div class="issue-timeline-loading-module__delaySkeletonLoad--OE2Lq" data-testid="issue-timeline-loading"><div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContainer--I9JkW"><div height="40px" width="40px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 kqdiwS gALJmv"></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContentWrapper--Qd0Vg"><div class="CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerContainer--fCCZA"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd 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ecIQRq"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU dusaQG"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContainer--I9JkW"><div height="40px" width="40px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 kqdiwS gALJmv"></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContentWrapper--Qd0Vg"><div class="CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerContainer--fCCZA"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerLeftLine--TwR8y"></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerRightLine--_guT1"></div></div><div data-testid="comment-skeleton" class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingCard--QQ_c8"><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingHeader--_JjPE"><div height="sm" width="150px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 jKxfJf gpOnMk"></div></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContent--QWS3r"><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU dRlina"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU fRHxbb"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContainer--I9JkW"><div height="40px" width="40px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 kqdiwS gALJmv"></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContentWrapper--Qd0Vg"><div class="CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerContainer--fCCZA"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerLeftLine--TwR8y"></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerRightLine--_guT1"></div></div><div data-testid="comment-skeleton" class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingCard--QQ_c8"><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingHeader--_JjPE"><div height="sm" width="150px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 jKxfJf gpOnMk"></div></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContent--QWS3r"><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU bifGfQ"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU WHXBA"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU infpTv"></div><div height="sm" width="random" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 hpcToU gyTeWh"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContainer--I9JkW"><div height="40px" width="40px" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 LoadingSkeleton-sc-14d3f1fe-0 kqdiwS gALJmv"></div><div class="CommentLoading-module__CommentLoadingContentWrapper--Qd0Vg"><div class="CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerContainer--fCCZA"><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd CommentDivider-module__CommentDividerLeftLine--TwR8y"></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 HpFDd 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    <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2">
    <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2">
    <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
    </clipboard-copy>
  </div>
</template>
<template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned">
  <div class="zeroclipboard-container">
    <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w">
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon">
    <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path>
</svg>
      <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none">
    <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path>
</svg>
    </clipboard-copy>
  </div>
</template>




    </div>
    <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div>
    <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div>
  </body>
</html>

